Additional References on the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Adapted from Hendrik Berth, TU Dresden, email: berth@rcs.urz.tu- dresden.de http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~berth/daw/daw.html 01.12.1998, literatur.txt Diese Literatursammlung enthält ca. 445 Literaturangaben zum Gottschalk- Gleser-Verfahren. Die Abstracts sind aus Psychlit, Psyndex und anderen Datenbanken entnommen. Sie unterliegen dem Copyright. Für die Richtigkeit der gemachten Angaben wird keine Gewähr übernommen. This file contains approx. 445 references on the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis of verbal behavior adapted from Hendrik Berth. Abstracts in this file are taken from Psychlit, Psyndex and other databases. They are protected by copyright. For the correctness of the references no guarantee is available. Some corrections and minor changes have been made by Louis A. Gottschalk. Ahrens, Stephan (1985). Alexithymia and affective verbal behaviour of three groups of patients. Soc Sci Med, 20(7), 691-694. The study described in this article was designed to investigate patients' response to affective stimuli on two levels of measurement: one was designed to yield information about cognitive attribution processes whereas the second level was aimed at uncovering deeper, more unconscious responses to the given stimuli. These were displayed as part of an experimental setting, in which three groups were compared: psychosomatic (duodenal ulcer), somatic and psychoneurotic patients. Systematic variation was introduced by showing either of two versions of a short film which differed in the degree of friendliness displayed by the main character. The results show differential effects on the two levels of measurement: in the case of the first level, an interpretation within the framework of current conceptualizations of alexithymia would have been possible, but results for the second level of measurement (utilizing Gottschalk- Gleser content analysis of speech) indicate that psychosomatic patients show the same kind of sensitive response to affective stimuli as patients from the other two groups. Ahrens, Stephan (1986). Alexithymia and affective verbal behavior of psychosomatic patients and controls. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Eds.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 207-213). Berlin: Springer. Zur Analyse des affektiven Verhaltens bei psychosomatischen Erkrankungen wurden drei Gruppen psychosomatischer Patienten (42 Ulcus- duodeni-, 22 Colitis- und 22 Morbus-Crohn-Patienten) mit zwei Kontrollgruppen (22 neurotische Patienten und 31 rein somatisch Kranke) in einem Reiz-Reaktions- Experiment verglichen. Als Reiz wurden zwei Stummfilmversionen eingesetzt, die eine Arzt-Patient- Interaktion zeigten. In einer Version war das Arztverhalten freundlich-zugewandt, in der anderen unfreundlich-ablehnend, die formalen Merkmale des Handlungsablaufes waren identisch. Auf der ersten Messebene wurden kognitive Zuschreibungsprozesse in Bezug auf das Arztverhalten mit zwei faktorenanalytisch gewonnenen Skalen einer Adjektiv-Polaritaetenliste gemessen. Auf der zweiten Messebene wurden unbewusst-affektive Prozesse mit der von Gottschalk und Gleser entwickelten Sprachinhaltsanalyse erfasst. Die Ergebnisse auf der ersten (bewussten) Messebene zeigten, dass Ulcuspatienten nicht zwischen den beiden Filmversionen differenzierten, Colitispatienten differenzierten in einer Skala zwischen den beiden Versionen, waehrend Crohn-Patienten vergleichbar mit den Kontrollgruppen reagierten. Auf der zweiten (unbewussten) Messebene unterschied sich keine der psychosomatischen Gruppen von den Kontrollgruppen. Die gefundene Ausblendung von Affekten bei zwei von drei psychosomatischen Patientengruppen wird als situative Abwehr- oder Bewaeltigungsstrategie aufgefasst, nicht jedoch als statisches Persoenlichkeitsmerkmal ("Alexithymie") Ahrens, Stephan & Henskes, Dieter (1986). Affektive Regulationsmuster bei psychosomatischen Erkrankungen. Inhaltsanalytische Ergebnisse eines experimentellen Untersuchungsansatzes. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöefer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 285-293). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Das in der Aetiologie psychosomatischer Erkrankungen diskutierte Alexithymie-Konzept wird experimentell geprueft. Es wird angenommen, dass die in frueheren Untersuchungen festgestellte mangelnde affektive Resonanz psychosomatisch erkrankter Patienten auf fehlende Betroffenheit bei gleichzeitig guter kognitiver Kompetenz zurueckzufuehren ist. Die experimentelle Situation wurde demzufolge so gestaltet, dass die Probanden eine groessere Moeglichkeit zur Identifikation mit dem Stimulusmaterial besassen. 36 Bluthochdruckpatienten, 42 Patienten mit Zwoelffingerdarmgeschwuer und einer Kontrollgruppe von 31 rein somatisch erkrankten Personen wurden je zwei auf ihre Erkrankung abgestimmte Filmversionen einer Arzt-Patient-Interaktion gezeigt. Im ersten Film zeigte der Arzt ein freundlich zugewandtes, im zweiten ein unfreundlich ablehnendes Verhalten. In den Filmen fuer die Ulkus- und die somatisch erkrankten Patienten war der Kontakt eher persoenlich, bei den fuer die Bluthochdruckpatienten eher funktional gestaltet. Alle Patienten hatten zuvor eine Standardsprachprobe gemaess dem Gottschalk- Gleser-Verfahren abgegeben, deren Auswertung keine Gruppenunterschiede erbrachte. Eine Analyse der sprachlichen Reaktionen auf die gezeigten Filme fuehrte zu folgenden Ergebnissen: Ulkus- und somatisch erkrankte Personen differenzierten in deutlicher Weise den Affektgehalt der beiden Filmversionen, waehrend dies bei den Hypertonikern nicht der Fall war. Dieser Befund wird auf den funktionalen Charakter des Filminhalts und nicht auf eine fehlende emotionale Reagibilitaet der Probanden zurueckgefuehrt. Die Ergebnisse der Ulkuspatienten stuetzen die These eines Wahrnehmungs- und Verarbeitungsdefizits gegenueber affektiven Reizen bei psychosomatischen Patienten nicht. Ahrens, Stephan & Morgenthaler, Barbara (1982). Erfassung von Gefühlsprozessen bei Ulcuspatienten, somatisch Kranken und Neurotikern. Eine empirische Untersuchung mit der Experiencing-Skala von Gendlin. Medizinische Psychologie, 8 (1), 67-82. An drei Patientengruppen (Ulcuspatienten, somatisch kranke Patienten und Neurotiker) wurden mit der deutschen Version der "Experiencing-Scale" von Gendlin gruppenspezifische Gefuehlsverarbeitungsprozesse untersucht. Untersuchungsmaterial waren zwei Sprachproben; die erste wurde nach der Standardinstruktion des Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahrens erhoben, die zweite auf die Frage nach der Erlebnisqualitaet der Untersuchung. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass fuer die erste Instruktion die Ulcuspatienten und die somatisch kranken Patienten ein niedriges Experiencingniveau aufwiesen, in der zweiten Instruktion nur die Ulcuspatienten niedrige Werte zeigten. Die Neurotikergruppe wies durchgehend hohe Werte auf. Diese Ergebnisse werden dahingehend interpretiert, dass die Skala vermutlich instruktionsabhaengige Effekte erfasst. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde nach korrelativen Zusammenhaengen mit der Gottschalk- Gleser-Skala gesucht, wobei sich fuer die Gesamtstichprobe ergab, dass skalenunabhaengige Dimensionen erfasst wurden. Eine getrennte Betrachtung der Gruppen ergab unterschiedliche Affektmuster. Fuer die Ulcusgruppe liess sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen Angst und Experiencing zeigen, für die beiden Kontrollgruppen zwischen Aggression und Experiencing. Angermeyer, Matthias C. (1981). Fear and aggressiveness in the speech of female anxiety neurotics. Zeitschrift Psychosomatische Medizin Psychoanalyse, 27(2), 133-42. AB- With Gottschalk's and Gleser's technique for quantitative verbal content analysis it has been shown that in generalfemales suffering from anxiety neurosis (N = 30) frequentlyverbalize their anxiety, even though they are not in anacute state of anxiety. There is, however, no significantincrease in the expression of diffuse anxiety or deathanxiety (as might be expected from the psychopathologicaldescription). The verbal behaviour of the patients displaysa variety of facets that support the psychodynamic hypothesisof the crucial role of the separation problem, i.e. itis shown that a) the separation anxiety is significantlyhigher than in a representative sample of normal subjects; b) this anxiety is one of the decisive factors in discriminatingbetween anxiety neurosis and other psychiatric disorders, and c) a significant positive correlation between separationanxiety and inward directed hostility is observed onlyin anxiety neurosis patients. The highly significant increasein guilt anxiety, coupled with a tendency towards a lackof outward directed hostility, seems to suggest a closeinterrelationship between anxiety neurosis and depressiveneurosis. Pointing in the same direction is the fact thatthe deficit in outward directed hostility or the excessof inward directed hostility are decisive factors for discriminatingbetween anxiety neurosis and other psychiatric disorders Angermeyer, Matthias C. (1986). Die Beziehung zwischen Eltern und schizophrenem Kind und ihre mögliche Auswirkung auf die Patientenkarriere. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 390-398). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Ergebnisse einer inhaltsanalytischen Auswertung von Gespraechen zwischen Schizophrenen und ihren Eltern werden mitgeteilt. Insgesamt wurden mit Hilfe des "Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahrens" die Unterhaltungen von 30 schizophrenen maennlichen Patienten im Alter zwischen 15 und 30 Jahren mit ihren Eltern am Tag der Entlassung analysiert. 13 der Patienten mussten zwei Jahre nach der Entlassung erneut hospitalisiert werden. Waehrend sie sich weder im psychopathologischen Status noch in wichtigen soziodemographischen Variablen von den nicht wiedereingewiesenen Patienten unterschieden, ergab die Inhaltsanalyse Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die emotionale Beziehung zwischen dem Erkrankten und seinen Eltern. In der Vater-Sohn- und Mutter-Sohn-Beziehung zeigten sich bei den spaeter rehospitalisierten Patienten positive Korrelationen im Ausmass der Angst und Aggressivitaet. Bei den Patienten mit gutem Krankheitsverlauf wurde hingegen eine "Immunitaet" der Interaktionspartner gegenueber der Angst des anderen und eine defensive Haltung der Eltern gegenueber den Aggressionsaeusserungen des Sohnes deutlich. Die aengstlichen und aggressiven Affekte der Eltern nicht wiedereingewiesener Patienten erwiesen sich auch als unabhaengig von dem im Sprachverhalten des Sohnes zum Ausdruck kommenden Grad psychischer Gestoertheit. Hingegen zeigten die Muetter der Rehospitalisierten eine mit dem Grad der Gestoertheit ansteigende Todes- und Verletzungsangst sowie diffuse Aengste. Die Vaeter dieser Patienten reagierten mit zunehmender, nach aussen gerichteter Aggressivitaet. Konsequenzen dieser Befunde fuer die Arbeit mit Angehoerigengruppen werden aufgezeigt. Angermeyer, Matthias C. & Hecker, H. (1979). Ausdruck psychischer Gestörtheit im Sprachverhalten von Eltern schizophrener Patienten - eine quantitative inhaltsanalytische Studie. Sozialpsychiatrie, 14 (2), 85-93. Analyzes verbal behavior of parents with schizophrenic sons by using verbatim transcripts of family discussions. Ss completed the Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization (Schizophrenic) Scale by L. A. Gottschalk and G. C. Gleser (1969). Families with sons with organic diseases were used as controls. Both parents of the schizophrenics did show statistically significant deviations toward schizophrenic language content. Maternal behavior was significantly more inconsistent than that of the controls. Correlations of parental scores exceeded those of control parents, but the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of the course of the discussions did not show any specific pattern for the families with schizophrenics. Angermeyer, Matthias C. & Timpe, F. H. (1980). Psychopathology and language behavior in schizophrenics. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr, 228(2), 151-60. Verbal samples of 30 schizophrenics were analyzed using the Social Alienation--Personal Disorganization (Schizophrenic) Scale developed by Gottschalk and Gleser (1969). The psychopathological status of all patients had been assessed in a semistandardized interview (Present State Examination, Wing et al., 1974). A relatively close relationship was found between 'productive' or 'plus' symptoms and syndromes of psychosis and the scores on the content analytic scale. On the other hand, no significant relationship existed with the 'minus' symptomatology and no relationship with the 'residual syndrome' and the neurotic syndromes. The Schizophrenic Scale may allow a sufficiently reliable estimate of the degree of psychosis. There was no significant effect attributable to sociodemographic factors and to the course of illness (disregarding the duration of the present hospitalization). Aronsohn, Susana; Lolas, Fernando; Manns, Arturo & Miralles, Rodolfo (1986). Affective Content of speech and treatment in bruxism. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Eds.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 149-156). Berlin: Springer. Atkinson, Roland M. (1979). Measurement of subjective effects of nitrous oxide. Validation of post-drug questionnaire responses by verbal content analysis of speech samples collected during drug intoxication. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior: Further Studies (S. 331-348). New York: Spectrum. Battacchi, Marco W.; Suslow, Thomas & Renna, Margherita (1996). Emotion und Sprache. Zur Definition der Emotion und ihren Beziehungen zu kognitiven Prozessen, dem Gedächtnis und der Sprache. Frankfurt a. M.: Lang. Die Elemente derzeitiger Emotionsdefinitionen werden unter Anwendung des "As well as"-Ansatzes, zu einem umfassenden Bild des Phänomens "Emotion" geordnet. Es wird Stellung genommen zu drei, Momenten der Beteiligung kognitiver Prozesse an Emotionen, die bisher wiederholt verkannt, wurden. Das Verhältnis Emotion-Gedächtnis wird anhand der Effekte des stimmungsabhängigen, Erinnerns und der Stimmungskongruenz dargestellt. Es werden die Bedingungen des Erwerbes des, Emotionsvokabulars und die Rolle der Emotionen in Hinblick auf Funktionen und Bedeutungen der, Sprache erörtert. Unter Bezugnahme auf das Mannheimer Modell der Sprachbildung und das, emotionale assoziative Netzwerk wird ein prototheoretischer Ansatz zum Einfluß von Emotionen auf, den Inhalt spontaner Sprachproduktionen entwickelt. Die affektive Sprachinhaltsanalyse wird als, Methode zur Messung von Zustandsemotionen vorgestellt. Es wird auch auf das Gottschalk-Gleser- Verfahren eingegangen. Aus dem Inhalt: Emotionsdefinition - Verhältnis von Emotion und Kognition - Funktionen und, Bedeutungen der Sprache - Stimmungsabhängiges Gedächtnis - Einfluß der Emotionen auf das, Sprechen - Affektive Sprachinhaltsanalyse. Bechtel, Robert J. (1997). Developments in computer science with application to content analysis. In Carl W. Roberts (Ed.), Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts (S. 239-250). Mahwahi, N.J.: Erlbaum. Bechtel, Robert. J. & Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). Developing a computer system to perform content analysis of verbal samples. Bell, Anita I. (1975). Male anxiety during sleep. International Journal of Psycho Analysis, 56, 455-464. Contends that C. Fisher's introduction of the psychoanalytic meaning of dreams as related to penile tumescence-detumescence omitted consideration of psychic implications of scrotal and testicular reactions. Physiological reaction of the scrotum and testes to anxiety has been experimentally confirmed in the author's previous work. Three Ss were studied using scrotal instrumentation and standard sleep study equipment. Dreams are reported that are high in manifest content anxiety according to the Gottschalk- Gleser Scale. These preliminary sleep studies bear out that (a) anxiety is directly connected with scrotal instrumentation; (b) castration fear in the male is primarily vested in injury or threat to the scrotal area; (c) symbolic representation of scrotal sac and testes is observed in dream material; and (d) elements of fear of homosexual desire appear. The absence of reference to scrotal symbols in the earlier psychoanalytic literature is noted and interpreted. Bell, Anita I. (1979). Male anxiety during sleep. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 631-639). New York: Spectrum. Bennett, M. D. J. (1972). The emotional response of husbands to suicide attemps by their wife. Doctoral thesis. Sydney: University of Sydney. Berth, Hendrik (o. Jahr). Die Angst vor der Wiedervereinigung. Inhaltsanalytische Überlegungen. In Aike Hessel, Michael Geyer & Elmar Brähler (Hg.), Gewinne und Verluste des sozialen Wandels (S. 103-118). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Ausgehend von psychoanalytischen Angstkonzepten entwickelten Gottschalk & Gleser in den USA ein inhaltsanalytisches Verfahren zur Messung von ängstlichen und aggressiven Affekten. Der hohe Aufwand bei dieser Art der Sprachinhaltsanalyse war Anlaß für die Entwicklung einer computerisierten Form dieser Textanalyse in deutscher Sprache. Dabei wird vorerst nur auf die Bestimmung der sechs verschiedenen Angstformen eingegangen. Der erste Teil des Beitrages widmet sich der Methodik dieses neuen Untersuchungsansatzes, wobei insbesondere kritische Aspekte und geplante Weiterentwicklungen aufgezeigt werden. Im Hauptteil werden die Ergebnisse einiger Untersuchungen an Texten ost- und westdeutscher SchülerInnen und StudentInnen, die sich alle mit dem Thema der deutschen Wiedervereinigung beschäftigten, dargestellt. Dabei wird sekundäranalytisch auf Materialien aus anderen Untersuchungen (Schüleraufsätze, Zeitungsartikel) zurückgegriffen. Die aufwandsbedingt kleinen, nichtrepräsentativen Stichproben stammten aus verschiedenen Bundesländern (West und Ost) und wurden seit 1990 zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten erhoben. In ost- und westdeutschen Ausführungen finden sich deutlich unterschiedliche angstrelevante Inhalte, sowohl in Ausprägung, Muster als auch in ihrer längsschnittlichen Entwicklung in den acht Jahren der deutschen Einheit. Während Ostdeutsche beim Erzählen ihrer Eindrücke und Erlebnisse zum Thema deutsch-deutsche Wiedervereinigung ein allgemein höheres Angstniveau als Westdeutsche aufweisen, zeigen sich bei der Betrachtung einzelner Angstformen wie Scham- oder Schuldangst durchaus kontroverse Ergebnisse. Diese gefundenen Differenzen und Gemeinsamkeiten in den Tiefenstrukturen von Texten werden zu anderen inhaltsanalytischen Verfahren, z.B. dem Dota-Ansatz Ertels, in Beziehung gesetzt und methodenkritisch diskutiert. Berth, Hendrik (1998). Das Dresdner Angstwörterbuch (DAW). Ein Versuch zur textinhaltsanalytischen Erfassung von Angst. Forschungsberichte des Instituts für Pädagogische Psychologie und Entwicklungspsychologie der TU Dresden, 22,. Im Rahmen kulturvergleichender Forschungen zu Befindlichkeiten im deutsch-deutschen Vereinigungsprozeß stellt sich die Angst als bestimmende Emotion heraus. Es existieren jedoch kaum deutschsprachige Methoden, die in der Lage sind, die hier auftretenden Ängste zu erfassen. Die Gottschalk- Gleser-Inhaltsanalyse zur Bestimmung von Angst und Aggressivität ist ein gut eingeführtes, englischsprachiges, textinhaltsanalytisches Verfahren zur Affektmessung. Während in den USA längst die computergestützte Erfassung eingesetzt wird und hinsichtlich der Gütekriterien überprüft ist, gibt es im deutschen Sprachraum keine aktuellen Arbeiten, die sich mit diesem Thema befassen. Hier wird, nach der Darstellung der Gottschalk-Gleser- Analyse, die Entwicklung eines deutschsprachigen Angstthemendiktionärs und dessen erste Erprobung beschrieben, gefolgt von Ideen und Gedanken zur weiterführenden Vertiefung und Verbesserung dieses Themas und dessen Anwendung im Rahmen kulturvergleichender politisch- psychologischer Forschung. Berth, Hendrik (1998). Wiedervereinigung und Angst. Inhaltsanalytische Untersuchungen. Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie, Sonderheft "Sozialisation und Identitäten", 10. Der hohe Aufwand bei Sprachinhaltsanalysen nach Gottschalk & Gleser war Anlaß für die Entwicklung einer deutschsprachigen Computerversion zur Angstanalyse. Im Beitrag wird zunächst auf die Methodik dieses neuen Untersuchungsansatzes eingegangen. Im Hauptteil werden die Ergebnisse von Studien an Texten ost- und westdeutscher Jugendlicher dargestellt. Dabei wird sekundäranalytisch auf Materialien aus anderen Untersuchungen zurückgegriffen. Die Stichproben stammen aus verschiedenen Bundesländern und wurden seit 1990 zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten erhoben. In ost- und westdeutschen Ausführungen finden sich nur wenige deutlich unterschiedliche angstrelevante Inhalte. Die Wiedervereinigung ist für Deutsche aus beiden Teilen ein stark angstbesetztes Thema. Interessante Differenzen hinsichtlich Ausprägung, Mustern, Ursachenzuschreibungen und zeitlicher Entwicklung lassen sich erst bei genauerer qualitativer Betrachtung feststellen. Die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten in den Tiefenstrukturen der Texte werden abschließend zu anderen inhaltsanalytischen Verfahren in Beziehung gesetzt und methodenkritisch diskutiert. Botzki, Christopher (1993). Suizid und Autoaggression. Eine contentanalytische Untersuchung der Tagebücher Kurt Tucholskys mit dem Gottschalk-Gleser Verfahren. Frankfurt a. M.: Vas Verlag für Akademische Schriften. Mit Hilfe des sprachinhaltsanalytischen Gottschalk-Gleser Verfahrens wurden die Tagebücher von Kurt Tucholsky im Hinblick auf Hinweise analysiert, die den Selbstmord des Schriftstellers als vorhersagbares Ereignis zu erkennen geben. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht die Diskussion aggressionstheoretischer Ansaetze sowie eine psychoanalytisch orientierte Auseinandersetzung mit der Person und der suizidalen Entwicklung von Tucholsky. Die Befunde belegen, dass mit der Dokumentenanalyse praesuizidale Verhaltensmuster systematisch untersucht und nachgewiesen werden können. Brandell, Jerrold R. (1986). Using children's autogenic stories to assess therapeutic progress.. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 3, 285-292. Examined the theory that as children are able to expand their repertoire of adaptive solutions to conflict, their projective stories will provide the clinician with confirmation of therapeutic progress. Process analysis and exploratory single-case methodology were used with a bright 10-yr-old boy diagnosed as having an oppositional disorder. Research instruments included the Gottschalk- Gleser Hostility Directed Outward Scale (L. A. Gottschalk and G. C. Gleser, 1969), a therapist influence scale, a parent's behavior checklist (PBC), and a children's psychiatric rating scale (CPRS). The S told 20 stories over the 3 mo of treatment, each of which revealed thematic concern with the expression of anger. Outwardly directed hostility ratings and evidence of the therapist's influence both followed a predictable pattern over the course of treatment. Pretest and posttest data for the CPRS and PBC revealed improvement in a wide range of symptom and behavior areas. Broda, Michael; Stemmler, Gerhard & Koch, Uwe (1986). Eine psychophysiologische Validierungsstudie zum Gottschalk-Gleser- Verfahren. V. Sprechpausenanalysen, Aktivierung und inhaltsanalytische Parameter. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 166- 177). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. In zwei experimentellen Studien wurden Zusammenhaenge zwischen Sprech- und Pausenparametern, psychophysiologischen Daten und Affekten untersucht. Im Anschluss an eine Skizzierung von Modellen zur Bedeutung von Sprechpausen wird das Design von Studie I vorgestellt, in der 120 Studenten aufgefordert wurden, zu einem Dia eine phantasievolle und ausfuehrliche freie Rede zu halten. Die Sprachprobe wurde transkribiert und hinsichtlich des Affekts "Angst" nach dem "Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahren" ausgewertet. Zudem wurden verschiedene physiologische Werte und Personenmerkmale erfasst. Die Sprechpausenanalyse erfolgte automatisiert. Es zeigte sich, dass die in einem anschliessenden Interview erfragte Belastetheit waehrend der Rede mit verminderter Sprechproduktivitaet einherging. Das Sprech- und Pausenverhalten stand jedoch mit physiologischen Werten und dem Angstausmass in keiner signifikanten Beziehung. In Studie II wurden 30 Medizinstudentinnen jeweils im Anschluss an eine Affektinduktion um eine Sprachprobe gebeten. Die Daten wurden im Hinblick auf die Angst-, Aggressions- und Hoffnungsskala ausgewertet. Der Befund zum Einfluss der Belastetheit auf die Sprachproduktivitaet wurde repliziert; Zusammenhaenge zwischen Sprech- und Pausenparametern und den Werten auf der Angst- und der Hoffnungsskala zeigten sich nicht. Pausenlaenge und Pausenhaeufigkeit standen jedoch zum Aggressionsausmass in signifikanter Beziehung. Bruhn, Manfred & Koch, Uwe (1986). Messung "positiver Affekte" III. "Die Hamburger Wohlbefindlichkeitsskala" - ein Entwurf einer neuen nehrdimensionalen inhaltsanalytischen Skala zur Messung positiver Erlebniszustände. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 250-256). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Bruhn, Manfred; Stemmler, Gerhard & Koch, Uwe (1986). Eine psychophysiologische Validierungsstudie zum Gottschalk-Gleser- Verfahren. II. Die Abhaengigkeit aengstlicher, aggressiver und hoffnungsvoller Affekte von experimentell manipulierter Befindlichkeit und unterschiedlichen Formulierungen der Standardinstruktion. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 117-133). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Instruktionen auf die Befindlichkeit und die in den "Gottschalk- Gleser- Skalen" erzielten Werte werden untersucht. Im Anschluss an eine Skizzierung der Theorie und der Grundannahmen von Gottschalk und Gleser und der von ihnen vorgenommenen Abgrenzung von Affekt und Emotion bzw. Stimmung werden zunaechst Ergebnisse zum Einfluss des Untersuchungsraumes auf die Skalenwerte mitgeteilt, die an einer Stichprobe von 25 Medizinstudenten gewonnen wurden. Es zeigte sich, dass bei den mit eingeschraenkter Interaktion zwischen Versuchsleiter und Versuchsperson einhergehenden Experimenten im psychophysiologischen Untersuchungsraum hoehere Werte auf der Skala "Trennungsangst" und eine geringere Wortzahl erzielt wurden als bei einer Versuchsdurchfuehrung ausserhalb dieses Raumes. Auf allen anderen Skalen zeigten sich keine Unterschiede. An 42 Medizinstudentinnen wurde anschliessend untersucht, ob durch unterschiedliche Instruktionen Voraffekte (Affekte, die vor der Sprachprobe vorhanden sind) und Befindlichkeit zu beeinflussen sind. Diese Moeglichkeit wurde fuer die Affekte Angst, Aerger und Freude bestaetigt. Die Affektinduktion hatte jedoch bei der anschliessenden Sprachprobe nur auf die Werte der Angstskala Einfluss. Gruende fuer dieses gegen die Validitaet des Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahrens sprechende Ergebnis werden diskutiert. Buchsbaum; Monte S.; Potkin; S. G.; Siegel, B. V. Jr.; Lohr, J.; Katz, M.; Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gulasekaram, B.; Marshall J. F.; Lottenberg S.; Teng, C. Y. et. al. (1992). Striatial Metabolic Rate And Clinical Response To Neuroleptics In Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49 (12), 966-974. A low metabolic rate in the caudate nucleus and putamen in schizophrenic patients while they were not receiving medication was found to predict a favorable clinical response to haloperidol. Twenty-five patients (21 men and four women) entered a double-blind crossover trial of haloperidol and placebo; to our knowledge, this is the first such trial with positron emission tomography to be reported. Patients received either placebo or medication for the first 5 weeks, and they received the other treatment for the second 5 weeks. Positron emission tomographic scans were obtained at weeks 5 and 10. Patients with low relative metabolic rates in the caudate nucleus and putamen while they were receiving placebo were more likely to show decreases in their Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores with haloperidol treatment than individuals with normal or high metabolic rates. Among responders, haloperidol treatment had a "normalizing" effect on metabolic activity in the striatum, with the metabolic rate while they were receiving haloperidol being higher than that while they were receiving placebo. Nonresponders were more likely to show a worsening of hypofrontality while they were receiving medication and an absence of change in the striatum. Bunn, Terence A. & Clarke, Alex M. (1979). Crisis intervention: An experimental study of the effects of a brief period of counselling on the anxiety of relatives of seriously injured or ill hospital patients.. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 191-195. Studied the effects of anxiety levels, as measured by the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales and the scale of cognitive anxiety of L. L. Viney and M. T. Westbrook (see PA, Vol 56:62), of a brief period of supportive counseling of 17 female relatives who arrived at an emergency admitting ward with a seriously ill or injured patient. Verbal samples were taken for analysis from Ss before and after a period (20 min) of counseling (or a period of no counseling for the control group). Results show that the initial anxiety levels for Ss in both groups was very high. For both the psychoanalytically oriented Gottschalk-Gleser Scales and the Viney-Westbrook scale there was a decrease in the level of anxiety for the counseled group compared with the noncounseled group. Cohn, J. B. & Gottschalk, Louis A. (1980). Double-blind comparision of ketazolam and placebo using one- a-day-dosing. Journal Clinical Pharmacology, 20, 676-680. D'Haenen, H.; Morez, V. E.; de Weert, D. Cornet, C. & et. al. (1985). Primary versus secondary depression: A psychometric approach: Preliminary results.. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 85, 381-389. Administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales to 32 depressed inpatients diagnosed according to the criteria of J. P. Feighner (1972), to examine possible differences in personality factors and psychodynamic variables between Ss having primary and secondary depression. 18 Ss were classified according to the primary-secondary dichotomy as primary depressives, and 14 were classified as secondary depressives. A statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was found only for the Psychasthenia scale on the MMPI. However, a discriminant analysis using the MMPI results yielded approximately 80% correct classifications. The Gottschalk-Gleser test showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Dahl, Hartvig (1974). The measurement of meaning in psychoanalysis by computer analysis of verbal contexts. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 22, 51-62. De Abreu, Paulo Belmonte (1986). A agressividade como fator de mudanca em psicoterapia. Revista ABP APAL, 8, 10-18. Studied the role of aggressiveness in patients' improvement during psychotherapy. It was hypothesized that patients' expression of aggressiveness would have a positive effect on treatment. Human subjects: 16 female Brazilian adolescents and adults (aged 16-65 yrs) (neurotic disturbances). Four normal Brazilian adults. The Ss were undergoing outpatient dynamic psychotherapy with 4 therapists in training. Hostility scores were compared with the partial and global symptomatic changes experienced by patients during the 1st mo of therapy. Tests used: The Gottschalk- Gleser Content Analysis Scales, the Global Assessment Scale, and the Physician Questionnaire. De Abreu, Paulo Belmonte (1986). Aggressiveness in psychotherapy and its relationsship with teh patient's change: An adaption of the Gottschalk- Gleser hostility scales to Portuguese language. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Ed.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 231- 248). Berlin: Springer. Deffner, Gerhard (1986). Interaktives Raten: Durchführen des Gottschalk- Gleser-Ratings auf Kleincomputern. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 198-202). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Es werden Moeglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie durch den Einsatz von Computern der Arbeitsaufwand beim Einsatz des "Gottschalk-Gleser- Verfahrens" verringert werden kann. Zunaechst werden drei Wege der Computer-Inhaltsanalyse skizziert. Beim Verfahren "General Inquirer" werden einzelne Worte anhand eines "Woerterbuchs" klassifiziert und ihre Auftretenshaeufigkeiten festgestellt. Methoden der kuenstlichen Intelligenz erlauben eine syntaktische Vorverarbeitung von Texten. So koennen etwa die fuer die Bedeutung von Saetzen wesentlichen Substantive und Hauptverben identifiziert und anschliessend klassifiziert werden. Der dritte Weg liegt in der Schaffung eines Spracherkennungssystems, das das menschliche Verstehen von Bedeutung ersetzen soll. Anschliessend werden Computerprogramme vorgestellt, die zu einer Erleichterung des Transkribierens, des interaktiven Ratings, der Uebereinstimmungspruefung und der Skalenwertberechnung fuehren. Es wird empfohlen, die dadurch gewonnene Zeit fuer ein gruendlicheres Rating zu nutzen. Deffner, Gerhard (1986). Microcomputers as aids in Gottschalk-Gleser rating.. Psychiatry Research, 18, 151-159. Discusses sources of errors during Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis of speech samples and describes a small microcomputer system designed to diminish these errors. All steps (i.e., transcription, scoring, storage, computation of scores) are performed with a collection of programs on a small 8-bit microcomputer. It is argued that a significant reduction of error can be achieved with the system. Deffner, Gerhard (1986). Microcomputers as aids to avoid error in Gottschalk-Gleser Rating. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Eds.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 95-103). Berlin: Springer. Ausgehend von einer Erlaeuterung der hauptsaechlichen Quellen fuer zufaellige und systematische Fehler beim Durchfuehren des Gottschalk- Gleser Ratings wird ein Auswertungsverfahren vorgestellt, das zur Steigerung der Qualitaet des Verfahrens einen Computer einsetzt. Hierbei werden, im Gegensatz zu anderen Ansaetzen, die Einschaetzungen nicht per Computerprogramm durchgefuehrt, sondern es werden eine Reihe von Hilfen angeboten, die das Einschaetzen und Auswerten der Einschaetzungen und Sprachproben erleichtern. Dazu werden alle Sprachproben im Rechner gespeichert und dann interaktiv zur Beurteilung dargeboten. Waehrend der Beurteilung werden die Eingaben auf formale Zulaessigkeit geprueft und mit den Einschaetzungen anderer Beurteiler verglichen. Segmente mit unterschiedlichen Einschaetzungen koennen so besonders behandelt werden. Die abschliessende Auswertung und Aufbereitung der quantitativen Kennwerte wird ebenfalls vom Programm erledigt. Es wird ein ausfuehrliches Beispiel fuer das interaktive Einschaetzen am Kleinrechner praesentiert. Elliott, Henry W.; Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1974). Relationships of plasma meperidine levels to change in anxiety and hostility. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 15, 249-254. Elliott, Henry W.; Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1979). Relationships of plasma meperidine levels to change in anxiety and hostility. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 449-454). New York: Spectrum. Engel, Klaus (1986). Zur theoretischen Einordnung des Gottschalk-Gleser- Verfahrens (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der psychoanalytischen Theorie und der Kommunikationstheorie). In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 19-34). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Im Rahmen einer theoretischen Einordnung des "Gottschalk-Gleser- Verfahrens" zur Quantifizierung von Affekten in der gesprochenen Sprache werden Voraussetzungen und Hypothesen eroertert, die notwendig sind, um von der gesprochenen Sprache auf psychische Inhalte zurueckschliessen zu koennen. Im Anschluss an eine kurze Darstellung der theoretischen Position von Gottschalk und Gleser werden die sprachtheoretischen Ansaetze von Lacan, Lorenzer, Schafer und Albert skizziert. Die von Gottschalk herangezogenen psychoanalytischen Konzepte des Primaer- und Sekundaerprozesses und daraus ableitbare Hypothesen werden erlaeutert. Abschliessend wird auf die Bedeutung nonverbaler Kommunikation eingegangen. Eine Ausdehnung des sich auf verbale Aeusserungen beschraenkenden Verfahrens von Gottschalk und Gleser auf nonverbale Informationen wird als notwendig erachtet. Engel, Klaus & Meier, Iris (1988). Clinical process studies on anxiety and aggressiveness affects in the inpatient therapy of anorexia nervosa. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 50 (3), 125-133. Die Hypothese, dass Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa alexithymische Stoerungen aufweisen, wurde fuer den Verlauf einer stationaeren Behandlung empirisch ueberprueft. Bei 20 Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa und 10 Vergleichspatientinnen (mit somatischen Stoerungen) wurden dreimal woechentlich Sprachproben nach der Inhaltsanalyse von Gottschalk-Gleser auf verschiedene Angst- und Aggressionsaffekte untersucht. Zusaetzlich wurden Daten mit dem "Anorexia-nervosa-Inventar zur Selbstbeurteilung" (ANIS) sowie der Experten- und der Selbsteinschaetzungsversion des "Strukturierten Interviews zur Anorexia nervosa" (SIAN-Ex und SIAN-S) erhoben. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass bestimmte Aengste und Aggressionsarten von den Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa haeufiger geaeussert werden. Es zeigten sich auch Veraenderungen in den affektiven Stoerungen waehrend der Behandlung und Bezuege zum Therapieerfolg. Es wird der Schluss gezogen, dass die Hypothese der Alexithymie bei Anorexia nervosa erneut und differenzierter diskutiert werden muss. Engel, Klaus & Meier, Iris (1989). Verlaufsuntersuchung zu den Affekten, Angst und Aggressivität bei einer stationären Behandlung der Anorexia nervosa. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse, 35 (1), 10-29. Der Verlauf von Affekten, Angst und Aggressivitaet bei der stationaeren Behandlung von Anorexia nervosa wird untersucht. Unter der Annahme der Affektabwehr (Alexithymie) wurden bei 20 stationaer behandelten Anorexia-nervosa-Patientinnen mit Hilfe von Sprachproben (nach Gottschalk-Gleser) und dem "Anorexia nervosa-Inventar zur Selbstbeurteilung" von Fichter und Keeser Daten erhoben. Zehn Kontrollpatientinnen aus somatischen Kliniken (Orthopaedie, Chirurgie, Frauenklinik) bildeten die Vergleichsgruppe. Die Messungen wurden zu mehreren Zeitpunkten vorgenommen. Es ergaben sich deutliche Hinweise auf eine affektive Ansprechbarkeit der Anorexia-Patientinnen, welche das Alexithymie-Konzept in Frage stellen. Als zentrales Problem in der Behandlung dieser Patientinnen wird nicht ihre mangelnde Affektivitaet, sondern ihre unrealistische Therapiemotivation gesehen. Engel, Klaus & Rad, Michael v. (1986). Zwei Verfahren zur Messung von Angst und Aggressivität. Ein empirischer Vergleich des Gottschalk- Gleser-Verfahrens und der Holtzman-Inkblot-Technik. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 213-224). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Die konvergente Validitaet von "Gottschalk- Gleser-Verfahren" (GG) und der "Holtzman-Inkblot-Technik" (HIT) wird untersucht. Insgesamt 91 Patienten einer psychosomatischen Klinik wurden um eine Sprachprobe und um Deutungsantworten auf die 45 Testtafeln der HIT gebeten (31 von ihnen zweimal). Es wurden drei Auswertungsmodi zur Ermittlung von Angst- und Aggressivitaetswerten gewaehlt: (1) Anwendung der GG-Kategorien und der HIT-Kategorien auf das HIT-Material, (2) Auswertung von Sprachprobe und HIT nach GG-Verfahren, (3) Auswertung der Sprachprobe mit Hilfe des GG-Verfahrens und Auswertung des HIT- Materials mittels der HIT-Kategorien. Es zeigte sich nur bei Auswertungsmodus (1) eine gute Uebereinstimmung der Werte fuer Angst und Aggressivitaet, die bei der Testwiederholung noch zunahm. Auf die Bedeutung der jeweiligen Testsituation fuer die in ihr geaeusserten Affekte wird eingegangen. Erickson, Helen & Swain, Mary A. (1982). A model for assessing potential adaptation to stress. Research in Nursing & Health, Jun Vol 5(2), 93- 101. Determined if hospitalized medical-surgical patients could be classified reliably according to their potential to adapt to stress and explored the relationship between their adaptive potential and length of hospital stay. 46 Ss (aged 23-73 yrs) were administered the Gottschalk Verbal Anxiety Scale, the Gottschalk Hope Scale, and the Gleser- Gottschalk Word Adjective Checklist. Three classes of significantly different adaptive potential were identified: The Alarm and Impoverished states were considered as stress states, while the state of Equilibrium was considered a nonstress state. Although it was possible to distinguish stress from nonstress states using only physiological parameters, psychological parameters were required to distinguish between the 2 stress states. The differentiation among the 3 coping states was used to predict Ss' potential for mobilizing adaptive resources. Length of hospitalization was related to classification of adaptive potential. Faller, Hermann (1989). Emotionale Verarbeitung wahrgenommener Belastungen bei Herzinfarktrehabilitanden: Eine sprachinhaltsanalytische Untersuchung der Affekte in narrativen Interviews. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 39 (5), 151-160. Studied perceptions of stress, the emotional implications of perceived stress, and the presence of alexithymic symptoms. Human subjects: 51 male German adults (aged 32-64 yrs) (myocardial infarction). A semistructured interview opening with a narrative passage was used. Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis was used to measure anxiety and hostility. Findings were compared with data in the literature on neurotic and psychosomatic patients. Faller, Hermann (1997). Angst bei körperlich Schwerkranken. Eine stichprobenvergleichende Untersuchung mit der Gottschalk-Gleser- Sprachinhaltsanalyse. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse, 43 (3), 247-260. Drei Gruppen schwer koerperlich Kranker - 51 Herzinfarktpatienten, 103 Bronchialkarzinompatienten und 25 Hirntumorpatienten - wurden mit der "Gottschalk-Gleser Sprachinhaltsanalyse" (GGSA) vergleichend untersucht. Die GGSA ist ein Verfahren zur Erfassung der in Sprachaeusserungen zum Ausdruck kommenden Affekte. Der Inhaltsanalyse lagen die Transkripte narrativer Interviews zum subjektiven Erleben der Krankheitsgeschichte zugrunde. Es wurden Werte fuer sechs Formen der Angst (Todesangst, Verletzungsangst, Trennungsangst, Schuldangst, Schamangst und diffuse Angst sowie ein Wert der Gesamtangst) erhoben. Bei statistischer Kontrolle von Alters- und Geschlechtseffekten lagen Gesamtangst sowie Schuld- und Schamangst in der Stichprobe der Bronchialkarzinomkranken signifikant niedriger. Bei den Herzinfarktpatienten war Verletzungsangst, bei den Hirntumorpatienten Trennungsangst staerker ausgepraegt. Es liess sich ein deutlicher Anstieg der Angst vom narrativen zum reaktiven Interviewteil demonstrieren. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf Abwehr- und Verarbeitungsprozesse diskutiert. Farley, Gordon K. & Zimet, Sara G. (1987). Can a five-minute verbal sample predict the response to day psychiatric treatment? International Journal of Partial Hospitalization, 4, 189-198. Attempted to predict improvement during day psychiatric treatment by the content analysis of 5-min verbal samples obtained at time of admission for 62 children (mean age 9 yrs). Predictor measures included the Hope, Human Relations, and Cognitive Impairment scales of the Gottschalk-Gleser Verbal Behavior Scales. Outcome measures included the Academic Disability scale of the School Behavior Checklist and the Severity Level, Aggression, Inhibition, Neurotic, and Rare Deviance scales of the Louisville Behavior Checklist. Verbal sample analysis was only a modestly accurate predictor of improvement. The Cognitive Impairment scale was the best predictor, especially with Ss not organically impaired Fauler, Ingrid; Safian, Peter & Koch, Uwe (1986). Analyse der von Ärzten und Patienten zweier klinischer Populationen verbalisierten Affekte mittels des Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahrens. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 438-456). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Visitengespraeche in einem grossstaedtischen Krankenhaus der Regelversorgung und auf einer internistisch- psychosomatischen Modellstation werden im Hinblick auf das Auftreten aengstlicher und aggressiver Affekte miteinander verglichen. Die insgesamt 72 Gespraeche wurden mit Hilfe des "Ulmer Manuals zur Informationsanalyse", dem "Hamburger Verfahren" und dem "Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahren" ausgewertet. Dabei zeigte sich, (1) dass die Patienten deutlich staerkere Affekte zum Ausdruck brachten als die Aerzte und (2) dass die Patienten beider Stationen sich in ihrem durchschnittlichen "Affektniveau" nicht voneinander unterschieden. Die Anzahl signifikanter Korrelationen zwischen Arzt- und Patientenaffekten war jedoch auf der psychosomatischen Modellstation groesser. Eine gemeinsame Faktorenanalyse der Daten des "Ulmer Manuals" und des "Hamburger Verfahrens" erbrachte zwoelf Faktoren, die formale und inhaltliche Aspekte der Visiten repraesentieren. Es zeigten sich insbesondere auf der psychosomatischen Modellstation signifikante Korrelationen zwischen neun dieser Faktoren und dem Ausmass der von Patienten und Aerzten geaeusserten Aggressionen und Aengste. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass aufgrund des Kriteriums der Mindestwortzahl 50 Prozent der Patienten des Allgemeinkrankenhauses und 10 Prozent der Patienten der psychosomatischen Modellstation aus der Datenanalyse ausgeschlossen werden mussten. Ferner konnte nicht zwischen vom Arzt aufgegriffenen Patientenaffekten und den Aeusserungen seiner eigenen Affekte unterschieden werden. Filnkoessl, Monika (1986). Empirische Untersuchung ueber Affektstrukturen in Traum- und Erlebnisberichten. Ein Beitrag zur Einordnung des Traumgeschehens in die Gesamtpsyche. Wien: Universität, Grund- und Integrativwissenschaftliche Fakultaet. Die Affektstrukturen in Traum- und Erlebnisberichten werden mit Hilfe inhaltsanalytischer Methoden analysiert und verglichen. Bei zwoelf psychisch abnormen bzw. entwoehnungsbeduerftigen inhaftierten Rechtsbrechern und acht Studenten - alle Versuchspersonen waren Maenner im Alter zwischen 22 und 40 Jahren - wurden pro Person jeweils zehn Traeume und zehn Erlebnisberichte erhoben. Ausserdem wurden Aggressivitaet mit dem "Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Aggressivitaetsfaktoren" und Angst mit dem "State- Trait-Angstinventar" erfasst. Zur inhaltlichen Analyse der Traum- und Erlebnisberichte wurden die "Gottschalk-Gleser-Skalen" verwendet. Es zeigte sich, dass die beiden verwendeten Frageboegen zur Messung von Angst und Aggressivitaet und die "Gottschalk-Gleser-Skalen" zur Messung von aengstlichen und aggressiven Affekten nicht vergleichbar waren und unterschiedliche Dimensionen erfassten. Der Vergleich der Inhaftierten und der Studenten hinsichtlich der Bereiche Angst und Aggressivitaet ergab nur wenig Unterschiede, die sich insbesondere in bezug auf depressive und paranoide Zuege bei den Inhaftierten aeusserten. Ein Vergleich der Strukturen von Traum- und Erlebnisberichten zeigte, dass die Strukturen in den Traumberichten komplexer waren. Die Trauminhalte und das Wacherleben erfassten zwar verschiedene Dimensionen; in manchen Merkmalen waren jedoch Zusammenhaenge feststellbar, etwa in den Dimensionen der oedipalen Problematik im Traum und durch das Erscheinen von Kastrationsangst im Erleben. Insgesamt werden die Ergebnisse als Beleg fuer das Auftreten bestimmter funktioneller oder motivationaler Gegebenheiten in den Traumphasen betrachtet, welche mit denjenigen der fruehesten Kindheit vergleichbar sind. Die festgestellten Zusammenhaenge zwischen Wach- und Traumerleben werden als Indiz fuer die Plausibilitaet der Annahme gewertet, dass der Traum der Verarbeitung emotionaler Erfahrungen dient. Flegel, H. (1967). Erfassung schizophrener Morbiditätsverläufe mit Gottschalks verbaler Stichprobe, verglichen mit Wittenborns Rating Scales und der BPRS. Zeitschrift für Psychotherapie und Medizinische Psychologie, 5, 186-194. Free, Noel K; Winget, Carolyn N. & Whitman, Roy M. (1993). Separation anxiety in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 595- 599. Analyzed dreams, screen memories, and life situations recorded verbatim during semistructured interviews with 20 patients with panic disorder (PD) and 20 psychiatric patients (controls) without PD. A judge blind to the diagnoses rated each of the dreams, screen memories, and life situations separately on each of the 10 Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales, thereby measuring manifest and latent death, mutilation, separation, guilt, and shame anxiety and overt and covert hostility in each group. Mean separation anxiety scores were significantly higher in dreams and screen memories of Ss with PD than in controls. Also, mean scores for covert hostility directed outward were significantly higher in the dreams of Ss with PD, a finding that may support J. Bowlby's (1973) observation that children with high separation anxiety tend to disavow their anger toward those who left them for fear that showing the anger raises the risk of being left again. Friedman, Norbert; Blass, Thomas: Rifkin, Arthur & Quitkin, Frederic (1979). Body Movements and the verbal encoding of agressive affect. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 727-749). New York: Spectrum. Gift, Thomas E.; Cole, Robert E. & Wynne, Lyman C. (1985). A hostility measure for use in family contexts.. Psychiatry Research, 15 (3), 205- 210. Examined the usefulness and validity of a modification of the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales that allows the interviewer to focus on the speaker's relationships with various family members. Significant differences were found in the expected direction between 10 separated or divorced women and 11 married women in terms of hostility outward scores as well as hostility toward the spouse or ex-spouse. The range of applications of this modification of eliciting speech samples is discussed. Gift, Thomas E.; Cole, Robert E. & Wynne, Lyman C. (1986). An Interpersonal Measure of Hostility based on Speech Context. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Ed.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 87-94). Berlin: Springer. Gleser, Goldine C. (1960). An adjective checklist for measuring affect. Irvine: University of Irvine. Gleser, Goldine C.; Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fox, R. & Lippert, W. (1965). Immediate changes in affect with chlordiazepoxide in juvenlie delinquent boys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 291-295. Gleser, Goldine C.; Gottschalk, Louis A. & John, W. (1959). The relationsship of sex and intelligence to choice of words: A normative study of verbal behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 182-191. Gleser, Goldine C.; Gottschalk, Louis A. & Springer, K. J. (1961). An anxiety scale applicable to verbal samples.. Archiv of General Psychiatry, 5, 593-605. Gleser, Goldine C. & Ihlevich, D. (1969). An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 51-60. Gleser, Goldine C. & Lubin, Ardie (1976). Response productivity in verbal content analysis: A critique of Marsden, Kalter, and Ericson.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 508-510. While agreeing with the contention of G. Marsden et al (see PA, Vol 52:8204) that the use of percentage scores to control for productivity in verbal content analysis can yield erroneous conclusions, exception is taken to their broad generalizations in this regard, particularly their inclusion of the Gottschalk-Gleser scales as typical of the unreflecting use of percentage scores. Furthermore, limitations and contradictions are pointed out in the methods they recommend to correct for response productivity. Gleser, Goldine C. & Lubin, Ardie (1979). Response productivity in verbal content analysis: A critique of Marsden, Kalter, and Ericson.. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 251-262). New York: Spectrum. While agreeing with the contention of G. Marsden et al (see PA, Vol 52:8204) that the use of percentage scores to control for productivity in verbal content analysis can yield erroneous conclusions, exception is taken to their broad generalizations in this regard, particularly their inclusion of the Gottschalk-Gleser scales as typical of the unreflecting use of percentage scores. Furthermore, limitations and contradictions are pointed out in the methods they recommend to correct for response productivity. Gleser, Goldine C.; Seligman, R.; Winget, C. & Rauh, J. L. (1977). Adolescents view their mental health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 6, 249-263. Gleser, Goldine C.; Winget, Carolyn N. & Seligman, Roslyn (1979). Content scaling of affect in adolescent speech samples. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8, 283-297. Data are reported that extend the applicability of the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales to analyze speech samples of adolescents. Data were gathered on 112 11-18 yr olds stratified by age, race, and sex in a balanced design. Females had higher Anxiety scores and relatively lower scores on Hostility Directed Inward, Ambivalent Hostility, and Social Alienation and Personal Disorganization than did males. Blacks spoke fewer words and expressed more Overt Hostility Outward than did Whites. These latter scores increased with age, as did Hostility Directed Inward. The affect scores for this normative group are also compared to those for "normal" adults and to an adolescent clinic and a juvenile delinquent population. Correlations with 3 paper-and-pencil inventories (Adolescent Life Assessment Checklist, Defense Mechanisms Inventory, and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale) are presented. Gleser, Goldine C.; Winget, Carolyn N.; Seligmann, Roslyn & Rauh, Joseph L. (1979). Evaluation of psychotherapie wth adolescents using content analysis of verbal samples. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 211-236). New York: Spectrum. Goodenough, Donald R.; Witkin, Herman A.; Koulack, David & Cohen, Harvey (1979). The Effects of Stress Films on Dream Affects and on Respiration and Eye-Movement Activity During Rapid-Eye- Movement- Sleep. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 925-933). New York: Spectrum. Goodenough, Donald R.; Witkin, Herman A.; Lewis, Helen Block; Koulack, David & Cohen, Harvey (1979). Repression, Interference, and Field Dependence as Factors in Dream Forgetting. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 911- 924). New York: Spectrum. Gottlieb, A.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Gottschalk, Louis A. (1967). Verbal and physiological responses to hypnotic suggestion of attitudes. Psychossomatic Medicine, 29, 172-183. Gottschalk, Louis A. & et. al. (1975). Thioridazine plasma levels and clinical response. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16, 323-337. The relationship between indices of plasma thioridazine concentration (half- life, area under curve, peak level) and clinical response was examined over a 10-day period in 25 21-55 yr old patients with severe to moderately severe acute schizophrenia, following a single oral dose (on Day 1) of a placebo and of thioridazine (4 mg/kg on Day 6). Significant improvement in only 2 of 18 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) items occurred predrug (Days 1-6), namely in Guilt and Grandiosity. No predrug improvement was observed on the other BPRS items, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Wittenborn Rating Scale, or Gottschalk-Gleser social alienation-personal disorganization scores derived by content analysis from 5-min speech samples. Following the single dose of thioridazine, a significant average decrease was noted within 24 hrs in the social alienation-personal disorganization scores, and within 48 hrs in 9 subscales of the BPRS, 2 of 4 factor scores of BPRS, 3 of 4 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression factors, and 1 of 6 Wittenborn Rating Scale factors. Significant correlations were found between indices of plasma thioridazine levels and favorable clinical responses on certain behavioral and psychological features of the schizophrenic syndrome. Gottschalk, Louis A. & et. al. (1984). Hyperactive children: A study of the content analysis of their speech. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 41 (3), 125-135. 13 4-12 yr old hyperactive boys with attention deficit disorder (DSM-III) were compared to 16 nonhyperactive boys with respect to Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scores derived from 5-min speech samples that the Ss produced in response to standardized and ambiguous instructions. The hyperactive Ss had significantly higher mean scores than the control Ss for cognitive impairment, social alienation-personal disorganization, and total depression. Of the 8 depression subscales, the hyperactive Ss had significantly elevated scores on Hopelessness, Self-Accusation (a cluster composed of shame, guilt, and inward hostility), and Psychomotor Retardation. Problems with the classification of the hyperactive syndrome, which is equated with the attention deficit disorder, are discussed. Results of the present study give some support to the concept, as determined from the content analysis of verbal behavior, that hyperactivity, at least in boys, may be associated with cognitive impairment, increased general psychiatric morbidity, and depression. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1955). Psychological conflict and electroencephalographic patterns. Some notes on the problem of correlating changes in paroxysmal electroencephalographic patterns with psychological conflicts. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 73, 656- 662. Gottschalk, Louis A. (Ed.) (1961). Comparative Psycholinguistic Analysis of Two Psychotherapeutic Interviews. New York: International Universities Press. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1966). The measurement of emotional changes during a psaychiatric interview: a working model toward quantifying th psychoanalytic concept of affect. In Louis A. Gottschalk & A. W. Auerbach (Hg.), Methode of Research in Psychotherapy Gottschalk, Louis A. (1968). Some applications of the psychoanalytic concept of object relatedness. Preliminary Studies on a human realtions scale applicable to verbal samples. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 9, 608- 620. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1971). Some psychoanalytic research into the communication of meaning through language: The quality and magnitude of psychological states. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 44, 131- 148. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1972). An objective method of measuring psychological states associated with changes in neutral function. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 44, 131-148. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1972). An objective method of measuring psychological states associated with changes in neural function. Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 4, 33-49. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1974). A hope scale applicable to verbal samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30 (7), 489-496. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1974). Quantification and psychological indicators of emotions: The content analysis of speech and other objective measures of psychological states. International Journal Psychiatry Medicine, 5, 587-610. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1974). The application of a method of content analysis to psychotherapy research. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 28, 488-499. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1974). The psychoanalytic study of hand-mouth approximations. In L. Goldberger & V. N. Rosen (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Science, Vol. 3 (S. 261-295). New York: International Universities Press. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1975). Drug effects in the assessment of affective states in man. In W. B. Essmann & L. Valzelli (Ed.), Current Developments in Psychiatry (S. 263-299). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1976). Children's speech as a source of data toward the measurement of psychological states. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 11-36. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1976). Differences in the content of speech of girls and boys ages six to sixteen. In D. V. Siva-Sankar (Hg.), Mental Health in Children (S. 351-379). Westbury, Conn.: PJD Publications. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1976). How to understand and analyze your own dreams. New York: Jason Aronson. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1977). Effects of certain benzodiazepine derivatives on disorganization of thought as manifested in speech. Current Therapeutic Research, 21, 192-206. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1977). Recent advances in the content analysis of speech and the application of this measurement approach to psychosomatic research.. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28 (1-4), 73- 82. Summarizes the theory, reliability, validity, and application of the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method and the relevance of the method to problems of psychological measurements. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1978). A preliminary approach to the problems of relating the pharmacokinetics of phenothiazines to clinical response with schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 14, 35-39. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1978). Cognitive defect in the schizophrenic syndrome as assessed bei speech patterns. In G. Serban (Ed.), Cognitive Defects in the Development of Mental Illness (S. 314-350). New York: Brunner-Mazel. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1978). Content analysis of speech in psychiatric research. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 19 (4), 387-392. Reviews psychiatric research studies utilizing the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales, which identify concepts and actions related to emotional and psychological states. Studies include investigations of anxiety, hostility, and other psychologic states in relation to psychophysiological processes and studies comparing effects of neuropsychopharmacological agents. A number of uses of the method in psychotherapy research are also reviewed. A summary is given of efforts to computerize the scoring procedures needed to utilize the scales. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1978). Pharmacokinetics of the minor tranquilizers and clinical response. In K. S. Killam; M. A. Lipton & A. Dimascio (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress (S. 975-986). New York: Raven Press. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). A Hope Scale applicable to verbal samples. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 1-9). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). An objective method of measuring psychological states associated with changes in neural function: Content Analysis of verbal behavior. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 685-702). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). Children's speech as a source of data toward the measurement of psychological states. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 147- 172). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). Drug effects in the assessment of affectice states in man. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 499-540). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). Effects of certain benzodiazepine derivates on disorganization of thought as manifested in speech. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 389-404). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). Quantification and psychological indicators of emotions: The content analysis of speech and other objective measures of psychological states. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 541-564). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). The application of a method of content analysis to psychotherapy research. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 811-823). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (Ed.) (1979). The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies. New York: Spectrum. Focusing on language and the assessment of its meaning, this volume concentrates on a method of content analysis developed by the author and Goldine Gleser. Applicable to transcripts of speech or verbal texts, this method uses the grammatical clause as its smallest unit of communication, considers whether or not a verb is transitive and involves an object, or is intransitive and describes a state of being. It derives scores on many scales that have been tested for reliability of scoring and for construct validity with concurrently administered measures, such as rating and self-report scales as well as biochemical and pharmacological criteria. Finally, this volume provides detailed descriptions of the clinical and basic research establishing the validity of these scales, so that a reader can locate studies that have pertinence to any special interest area. A major achievement described in this book is the development of computer software that: understands grammar and syntax, can parse natural language, knows most of the words in the Merriam- Webster dictionary, has been taught to identify idioms and slang, and is capable of continuing to learn. The program can score all the scales, report whether the scores obtained from a verbal sample are one to three standard deviations from the norms, and suggest APA DSM-IIIR diagnostic classifications the clinician might consider in assessing the patient. Audience: Researchers and clinicians in neuropsychology, personality, clinical and applied psychology, and psychiatry. Contents: Introduction. Review of Reliability and Validity Studies Using the Gottschalk-Gleser Method of Content Analysis. Range of Some Types of Applications of This Method of Verbal Content Analysis. Psychosocial Research Using This Method. Content Analysis Studies Involving the Neurosciences, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Biological Psychiatry. Applications of New Findings Involving the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior to Clinical Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry. Measurement of the Content Analysis of Natural Language by Computerized Artificial Intelligence as a Means of Facilitating and Speeding Up Verbal Behavior Analysis. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1979). The psychoanalytic Study of hand-mouth approximations. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 749-772). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1982). Content category analysis - The measurement of the magnitude of the psychological dimensions in psychotherapy. In Robert L. Russel (Ed.), Language in Psychotherapy: Strategies of Discovery (S. 13-70). New York: Irvington. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1982). Manual of uses and applications of the Gottschalk-Gleser verbal behavior scales. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior, 7 (3), 273-327. Summarizes the nature of the psychological and behavioral dimensions that can be measured by the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales, suggests some applications of the scales, and presents the verbal categories scored by each scale. Examples of the actual scoring of speech samples on some scales (Anxiety, Hostility Outward, Hostility Inward, Ambivalent Hostility, and Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization) are presented, and norms for children and adults are provided. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1984). Measurement of mood and affect in cancer patients. Cancer, 53, 2236-2241. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1985). A note on computer scoring of verbal content analysis. Sprache und Datenverarbeitung, 9 (2), 29. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1985). The pharmacokinetics of some psychoactive drugs and relationships with clinical response. Meth Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 7, 275-282. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1986). Geleitwort. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. IX-XII). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1986). Research using the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales in English since 1969. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Eds.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 29-46). Berlin: Springer. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1986). The pharmacokinetics of some psychoactive drugs and relationsships with clinical response. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Psychology, 7, 275-282. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1986). The pharmacokinetics of some psychoactive drugs and relationsships with clinical response. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Eds.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 257-268). Berlin: Springer. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1986). Untersuchungen mittels Gottschalk-Gleser- Sprachinhaltsanalyse-Skalen in englischer Sprache seit 1969. In Uwe Koch & Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychiatrischen und psychosomatischen Forschung. Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottschalk und Gleser (S. 35-55). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Es wird ein Ueberblick ueber englischsprachige Studien gegeben, in denen die "Gottschalk-Gleser- Skalen", ein inhaltsanalytisches Verfahren zur Erfassung von Affekten, zum Einsatz kamen. Im Anschluss an eine Skizzierung von Untersuchungen zur Validierung der Skalen "Hoffnungslosigkeit", "kognitive Beeintraechtigung", "soziale Entfremdung" und "Depression" wird kurz auf Studien eingegangen, die sich der Konstruktvalidierung der Skalen bei Kindern und der Auswertung der Sprachproben widmeten. Der Einsatz der Skalen in der neuropsychopharmakologischen Forschung wird dargestellt. Dabei wird insbesondere auf den Zusammenhang zwischen der Einnahme psychoaktiver Drogen und dem Sprachinhalt sowie verschiedenen Sprachcharakteristika eingegangen. Anschliessend werden weitere Studien aus den Bereichen Psychophysiologie, Psychosomatik, Koerpersprache, psychoanalytische Therapie und politische Psychologie vorgestellt. Zum Schluss werden Beispiele fuer den Einsatz von uebersetzten Skalenversionen gegeben. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1988). Narcissism: Its normal evolution, and development and the treatment of it disorders. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 42, 4-37. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1994). The development, validation, and applications of a computerized measurement of cognitive impairment from the content analysis of verbal behavior.. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 349-361. Describes the evolution and validation of the Cognitive Impairment Scale by L. A. Gottschalk and G. C. Gleser (1964) and suggests some of the ways in which its computerized application can be used. The content analysis procedure used is based on the method developed by Gottschalk and Gleser for the measurement of the magnitude of many other psychological states and traits, in addition to cognitive dysfunction. Verbal behavior studies are reviewed that examine the cognitive effects of age, certain psychoactive drugs, alcohol, total body irradiation, sensory overload, and dementia. Finally, the availability of a recently developed artificial intelligence software program is reported that will reliably, rapidly, and objectively score speech samples (on Gottschalk-Gleser Scales) transcribed according to specific directions from IBM-compatible computer diskettes. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1995). Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. New Findings and Clinical Applications. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Focusing on language and the assessment of its meaning, this volume concentrates on a method of content analysis developed by the author and Goldine Gleser. Applicable to transcripts of speech or verbal texts, this method uses the grammatical clause as its smallest unit of communication, considers whether or not a verb is transitive and involves an object, or is intransitive and describes a state of being. It derives scores on many scales that have been tested for reliability of scoring and for construct validity with concurrently administered measures, such as rating and self-report scales as well as biochemical and pharmacological criteria. Finally, this volume provides detailed descriptions of the clinical and basic research establishing the validity of these scales, so that a reader can locate studies that have pertinence to any special interest area. A major achievement described in this book is the development of computer software that: understands grammar and syntax, can parse natural language, knows most of the words in the Merriam- Webster dictionary, has been taught to identify idioms and slang, and is capable of continuing to learn. The program can score all the scales, report whether the scores obtained from a verbal sample are one to three standard deviations from the norms, and suggest APA DSM-IIIR diagnostic classifications the clinician might consider in assessing the patient. Contents: Introduction. Review of Reliability and Validity Studies Using the Gottschalk-Gleser Method of Content Analysis. Range of Some Types of Applications of This Method of Verbal Content Analysis. Psychosocial Research Using This Method. Content Analysis Studies Involving the Neurosciences, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Biological Psychiatry. Applications of New Findings Involving the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior to Clinical Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry. Measurement of the Content Analysis of Natural Language by Computerized Artificial Intelligence as a Means of Facilitating and Speeding Up Verbal Behavior Analysis. Gottschalk, Louis A. (1997). The uunobtrusive measurement of psychological states and traits. In Carl W. Roberts (Ed.), Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts (S. 117-129). Mahwahi, NJ: Erlbaum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Aronow, Wilbert S. & Prakash, Ravi (1977). Effects of marihuana and placebo marihuana smoking on psychologicla state and on psychophysiological cardiovaskular function in anginal patients. Biological Psychiatry, 12, 255-266. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Aronow, Wilbert S. & Prakash, Ravi (1979). Effects of marihuana and placebo marihuana smoking on psychologicla state and on psychophysiological cardiovaskular function in anginal patients. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 291- 302). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Bates, Daniel E.; Waskow, Irene E.; Katz, Martin M. & Olson, James (1971). Effect of amphetamine or chlorpromazine on achievement striving scores derived from the content analysis of speech. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 12, 430-435. Assigned adult criminal offenders to 3 drug groups in order to assess the effect on achievement strivings as measured by the Gottschalk-Gleser Achievement Strivings Scale. 16 Ss received 15 mg. of an amphetamine, 7 received 50 mg. chlorpromazine, and 14 received a placebo. Achievement striving scores were taken prior to the administration of drugs and again at 2- and 4- hr postdrug periods. Results indicate a significant increase in achievement strivings on the 1st postdrug testing for the amphetamine group when compared to the placebo group. This difference disappeared by the 2nd postdrug testing. There was no significant difference between chlorpromazine and placebo groups on either of the postdrug administrations. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Bates, Daniel E.; Waskow, Irene E.; Katz, Martin M. & Olson, James (1979). Effect of amphetamine or chlorpromazine on achievement striving scores derived from the content analysis of speech. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 263- 270). New York: Spectrum. Assigned adult criminal offenders to 3 drug groups in order to assess the effect on achievement strivings as measured by the Gottschalk-Gleser Achievement Strivings Scale. 16 Ss received 15 mg. of an amphetamine, 7 received 50 mg. chlorpromazine, and 14 received a placebo. Achievement striving scores were taken prior to the administration of drugs and again at 2- and 4-hr postdrug periods. Results indicate a significant increase in achievement strivings on the 1st postdrug testing for the amphetamine group when compared to the placebo group. This difference disappeared by the 2nd postdrug testing. There was no significant difference between chlorpromazine and placebo groups on either of the postdrug administrations. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Bechtel, Robert J. (1982). The measurement of anxiety through the computer analysis of verbal samples. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23 (4), 364-369. Describes and validates a computer system that quantifies and rank-orders various psychological dimensions (anxiety, hostility, social alienation, personal disorganization, cognitive and intellectual impairment, human relations, and hope) through content analysis of verbal behavior. This program greatly facilitates the availability of the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales or other methods of measuring psychological states and traits from verbal behavior. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Bechtel, Robert J. (1989). Artifical intelligence and the computerization of the content analysis of natural language. Artifical Intelligence in Medicine, 1, 131-137. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Bechtel, Robert J. (1992). Further research and findings regarding the computer analysis of the content verbal samples. Unpublished Paper. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Bechtel, Robert J. (1993). Computerized content analysis of natural language or verbal texts. Palo Alto, Ca.: Mind Garden. Psychologic and Neuropsychiatric Assessment Manual (PNAM) The PNAM describes an advanced assessment method that measures the magnitude of psychological states from the content of the client's words and uses the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method. A person sends in a five minute speech sample elicited by standard instructions to receive scoring on the Gottschalk- Gleser Content Analysis Scales, which include scales on: anxiety, hostility, alienation, depression, cognitive impairment and hope. Scoring services are purchased from the author and provide scores on the scales as well as statistically compare the scores to norms obtained from children and adults, which provide a textual discussion of the findings, including DSM-IIIR diagnostic classifications the clinician should consider. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Bechtel, Robert J. (1995). Computerized measurement of the content analysis of natural language for use in biomedical and neuropsychiatric research. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 47, 123-130. Neuropsychological research and clinical assessment commonly require analysis of the form and content of language to assess various psychological parameters. A major drawback of observer evaluations of language is their lack of reliability, and introduction of observer bias. The authors of this paper present an objective, computerized method for measurement of various psychological dimensions based on the analysis of natural language. They argue that use of computers to perform such analyses ensures a high degree of reliability and obviates the need for clinical researchers to learn the complexities of scoring standard human administered scales. They clearly feel that the "alternative methods" to evaluate psychobiological dimensions, such as clinical judgment, clinical diagnostic criteria (e.g. DSM-IV), clinician-administered psychiatric rating scales and self-report scales are inaccurate as they give no assurance about interrater and intrarater reliability. For example, raters may vary widely on the range of ratings that they will use with a particular subject. They also point out that not all self-reported evaluations can be assumed to be reliable simply because they come from the patient themselves. The content analysis measurement of verbal behaviour that they expound relies upon the free speech of the subject, who is unaware that their speech is being formally evaluated. Thus, they feel that self-reporting of psychological dimensions is enhanced by their method. At the same time though, measurement errors introduced by either the subject or the observer are minimized. The authors describe how the early attempts at computerization of content analysis of language were hampered by the fact that they focused mainly on specific words rather than on the meaning of the word in the content of the sentence, i.e. syntactical analysis. In psychiatry and psychoanalysis, similar automated methods of analysing psychological parameters, such as love, anxiety, hostility, etc., also focused on single-word or phrase tags. In so doing, they disregarded masses of information gleaned from understanding for example, the context of the words, the motivation of the speaker, and idiomatic expressions. The authors explain how they created a computer program that would have the ability to parse natural language, thereby providing information about grammar, syntax and idioms. One development was machine-scoring the Gottschalk-Gleser Hostility Outward scale using a parser and assigning semantic features to verbs. They cite that the correlation between human and machine scoring was at the lowest acceptable criterion for intercoder reliability of the Gottschalk-Cleser Content Analysis scales, but that the computer missed many obviously codable categories. Gottschalk and Bechtel's work at developing a computerized scoring program for natural language led to the creation of an improved program based on the Bottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis scales. The authors state the programs do a "respectable expert job" scoring several scales including Gottschalk Anxiety, Hostility, Depression, Hope, etc. with improved precision and speed, but do not cite exact figures comparing their performance with human scorers. Limitations of this program are that it can analyze the meaning conveyed by content only within each grammatical clause rather than across clauses, as humans can, and thus it misses some nuances of the meaning. Regression formulae were created to convert between the computer and human scores and correct for this problem. The software operates by detecting in natural language the appearance of "psychobiological states and traits", as defined in the series of Content Analysis Scales, where the unit of analysis is the grammatical clause. The system uses a dictionary containing associations between words or phrases and the Content Analysis Scale codes, creating a candidate list from association codes found. This list is then examined by a separate set of rules which focus on the semantic/structural role of the triggering form within the clause. Four classes of output are possible: an interlinear listing of the source clauses and their assigned scores, a scoring summary for each active scale, an interpretation in textual form of the scale scores, and finally possible neuropsychiatric or psychological diagnoses (DSM-IV). The programs are continuously being refined and expanded, particularly the dictionary, and can be run under a version of LISP on MS-DOS or a version for Microsoft Windows. They are not commercially available as yet, but Louis Gottschalk will analyze appropriately prepared speech samples for a "modest cost". No idea of the potential costs is given, and thus it is impossible to judge the utility of such software programs for the researcher/clinician at this point. A discussion of how to prepare the verbal samples for scoring follows. Either 5.25 or 3.5 inch diskettes are acceptable, with the documents sent as "ASCII" or "TEXT" files. The authors also outline special instances in the handling of material, e.g. when material should be ignored or the material provides hints to the scoring system. All scoring "hints" are enclosed in square brackets, and represent scoring categories that are difficult to automate. They discuss how to handle scoring of partial words and stutters, non-verbal sounds, pauses, unclear words, ellipses, abbreviations, and whitespace. They never actually state much about how well the system works, and whether it is currently being applied in neuropsychological research or clinical assessments. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Bechtel, Robert R. (1993). Advances in the computerisation of eight content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples. Unpublished paper. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Biener, Robert; Noble, Ernest P.; Birch, Herman; Wilbert, Donald E. & Heiser, Jon F. (1975). Thioridazine plasma levels and clinical response. Comprenhensive Psychiatry, 16, 323-337. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Biener, Robert; Noble, Ernest P.; Birch, Herman; Wilbert, Donald E. & Heiser, Jon F. (1979). Thioridazine plasma levels and clinical response. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 455-470). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Buchsbaum, Monte S.; Gillin, J. C.; Reynolds, C. & Herrera, D. B. (1992). The effect of anxiety and hostility in silent mentation on cerebral glucose metabolic rate. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 52-59. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Buchsbaum, Monte S.; Gillin, J. Christian; Wu, Joseph & et. al. (1991). Positron- emission tomographic studies of the relationship of cerebral glucose metabolism and the magnitude of anxiety and hostility experienced during dreaming and waking. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3 (2), 131-142. Examined correlations between anxiety and hostility levels experienced during wakefulness, REM dreaming, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) mentation (as assessed by the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales), and cerebral glucose metabolism as measured by positron-emission tomography in normal males. Different cerebral areas showed significant correlations for anxiety and 6 anxiety subscales, hostility outward, hostility inward, and ambivalent hostility, as assessed by the patterns of significant positive or negative correlations found with the activation of these emotions. Significant correlations occurred more often in waking and REM dreaming Ss than NREM Ss and were more common in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes than in the occipital lobe. Correlations tended to be positive for waking Ss and negative for REM Ss. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Buchsbaum, Monte S.; Gillin, J. Christian; Wu, Joseph C. & et. al. (1991). Anxiety levels in dreams: Relation to localized cerebral glucose metabolic rate. Brain Research, 538 (1), 107- 110. 10 normal men (mean age 26.2 yrs) were injected with d -(-sup-1- sup-8F)deoxyglucose during REM sleep and were aroused 32-45 min later to report dreams and free associations to the dreams. Nonparametric correlations between the anxiety scores derived from typescripts of the verbal reports (via the Gottschalk- Gleser Content Analysis Scales) and the localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates obtained from positron emission topography scans reveal significant positive correlations in lateral parietal and medial frontal cortex and negative correlations in adjacent white matter. The cerebral areas significantly involved in energy turnover with REM dream anxiety suggest that REM dreaming engages brain areas involved in language processing, cognition, mental reflection, and sensory functions. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Buchsbaum, Monte S.; Gillin, J. C.; Wu, J.; Reynolds, C. & Herrera, D. B. (1992). The effect of anxiety and hostility in silent mentation on localized cerebral glucose metabolism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 52-59. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Cleghorn, J. M.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Iacono, J. M. (1965). Studies of relationships of emotions to plasma lipids. Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, 102-111. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Cohn, J. (1980). Studies of cognitive functions as influenced by administration of haliperidol or diazepam in detoxification of acute alcoholics. Psychopharmalogical Bulletin, 15, 55-56. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Covi, Lino; Uliana, Renate R. & Bates, Daniel E. (1973). Effects of diphenylhydantoin on anxiety and hostility in institutionalized prisoners. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 14, 503-511. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Covi, Lino; Uliana, Renate R. & Bates, Daniel E. (1979). Effects of diphenylhydantoin on anxiety and hostility in institutionalized prisoners. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 271-180). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Dinovo, E.; Biener, R.; Birch, Herman; Syben, M. & Noble, Ernest P. (1975). Levels of mesoridazine and its metabolites and clinical response in acute schizophrenia after a single intramuscular drug dose. Psychopharmalogical Bulletin, 11, 33-34. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Dinovo, E.; Biener, R.; Birch, Herman; Syben, M. & Noble, Ernest P. (1979). Plasma Levels of mesoridazine and its metabolites and clinical response in acute schizophrenia after a single intramuscular drug dose. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 471-490). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Dinovo, E. C.; Biener, R. S. & Birch, Herman (1979). Pharmacokinetics of Chlordiazepoxide, Meperidine, Thioridazine, and Mesoridazine and Relationsships with Clinical Response. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 491-498). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Eckardt, Michael J.; Cohn, J. B.; Terman, S. A. & Wolf, R. J. (1980). A cognitive impairment scaleapplicable to verbal samples and its possible use in clinical trials in patients with dementia. Psychopharmalogical Bulletin, 16, 25-27. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Eckardt, Michael J. & Feldmann, Daniel J. (1979). Further validation studies of a Cognitive-Intellectual Impairment Scale applicaele to verbal samples. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 9-39). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Eckardt, Michael J.; Hoigaard-Martin, J. C.; Gilbert, R. L.; Wolf, R. J. & Johnson, W. (1983). Neuropsychological deficit in chronic alcoholism: Early detection and prediction by analysis of verbal samples. Substance and Alcohol Action/Misuse, 4, 45- 58. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Eckardt, Michael J.; Pautler, C. P.; Wolf, R. J. & Terman, S. A. (1983). Cognitive impairment scores derived from verbal samples. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 6-19. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Elliot, Henry W.; Bates, D. E. & Cable, G. G. (1972). Analysis of speech samples to determine effect of lorazepam on anxiety. Clinical Pharmacological Therapy, 13, 323-328. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Elliott, Henry W. (1976). Effects of triazolam and flurazepam on emotions and intellectual function. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior, 1, 575-595. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Elliott, Henry W. (1979). Effects of triazolam and flurazepam on emotions and intellectual function. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 367-387). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Elliott, Henry W.; Bates, Daniel E. & Cable, Claire G. (1972). Content analysis of speech samples to determine effect of lorazepam on anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Therapeutics, 13, 323-328. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Elliott, Henry W.; Bates, Daniel E. & Cable, Claire G. (1979). Content analysis of speech samples to determine effect of lorazepam on anxiety. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 325-330). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Falloon, I. R. H.; Morder, S. R.; Lebell, M. B.; Gift, T. E. & Wynne, L. C. (1987). The prediction of relapse of schizophrenic patients using emotional data obtained from their relatives. Psychiatry Research, 25, 261-276. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fox, Ruth A. & Bates, Daniel E. (1973). A study of prediction and outcome in a Mental Health Crisis Clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 1107-1111. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fox, Ruth A. & Bates, Daniel E. (1979). A study of prediction and outcome in a Mental Health Crisis Clinic. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 823-828). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Frank, Edward C. (1967). Estimating The Magnitude of Anxiety from Speech. Behavioral Science, 12 (4), 289-295. Attempted To Determine How Much, If Any, Information Is Lost Towards Estimating Amount Of Anxiety In Speech By Using Only Content Or Lexical Variables In Speech As Compared With Measures Of Anxiety Obtained When Vocal Properties As Well As Content Variables Are Employed. A Set Of 12 Free- Associative 5-Min Tape Recordings Of Speech Produced By 12 Different People Were Rated With Respect To Magnitude Of Anxiety By 16 Judges (11 Psychiatrists And 5 Psychologists) Following The Anxiety Rating Scale Of The Overall And Gorham Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Raters Were Less Able To Differentiate Verbal Samples, Differed Considerably More In Average Atings, And Had Greater Error Variance When Using Typescripts Alone Than When Using Typescript Plus Sound Recording. Correlation Findings Indicate There Is Neglibible Information Lost With Respect To Assessing Anxiety, When Using Either The Overall-Gorham Or Gottschalk-Gleser Anxiety Scales, If Typescripts Alone Or Typescripts Plus Sound Recordings Are Used. Findings Tend To Support A Theory Of Redundancy Of Lexical And Vocal Factors Rather Than An Additive Theory In The Expression And Communication Of Intensity Of Affects In Speech. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Fronczek, Janny (1993). Defense mechanisms and hope as protective factors on physical amd mental disorders. In Uwe Hentschel (Ed.), The concept of defense mechanisms in contemporary psychology (S. 339-359). New York: Springer. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fronczek, Janny & Abel, Lennart (1992). Emotions, defenses, coping mechanisms and symptoms. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 10, 237-260. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fronczek, Janny; Abel, Lennart & Buchsbaum, Monte S. (1992). Positron emission tomographic studies of the relationship of localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates with social aleniation and thought disorder in the speech of young normal male subjects. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 332-341. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fronczek, Janny; Abel, Lennart & Buchsbaum, Monte S. (1992). The cerebral neurobiology of hope and hopelessness. Psychiatry, 56, 270-281. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fronczek, Janny; Abel, Lennart & Buchsbaum, Monte S. (1992). The cerebral neurobiology of anxiety, anxiety-displacement, and anxiety-denial. Psychosomatic Medicine,. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Fronczek, Janny; Abel, Lennart & Buchsbaum, Monte S. (1992). The relationship between social alienation and disorganized thinking in normal subjects and localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33 (5), 332-341. Three groups of normal male Ss were injected with d -(-sup-1-sup-8F)deoxyglucose during wakefulness, REM, or non-REM sleep, and 32-45 min later they were asked to report their thoughts, emotions, or dreams and free-associations to these mental events. Transcripts of Ss' reports were content analyzed using the Gottschalk-Gleser Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization Scale and regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates (GMRs) obtained from positron emission tomography scans. Total social alienation- personal disorganization scores from reports of wakeful, silent mentations showed significant positive correlations with GMRs in the left temporal lobe. GMR in the temporal lobe may constitute a concomitant of minimal disordered thinking in normal individuals rather than be a marker of mental disorder. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1960). An analysis of the verbal content of suicide notes. British Journal Medical Psychology, 33, 195-204. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1964). Distinguishing characteristics of verbal communcations of schiziphrenia patients. In D. M. Rioch & E. A. Weinstein (Ed.), Disorders of communications (S. 400- 413). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1969). The measurement of psychological states trough the content analysis of verbal behavior. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1974). Quantification and psychological indicators of emotions: The content analysis of speech and other objective measures of psychological states. International Journal Psychiatry in Medicine, 5, 587-610. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1980). Spezifische Aspekte unseres sprachinhaltsanalytischen Ansatzes. In Gert Schöfer (Hg.), Gottschalk-Gleser Sprachinhaltsanalyse Theorie und Technik. Studien zur Messung aengstlicher und aggressiver Affekte (S. 15-42). Weinheim: Beltz. Beschreibt die Grundlagen des Gottschalk-Gleser-Verfahrens. Die theoretischen Grundlagen und die Angst- und Aggressivitätsskalen. Der Artikel ist eine autorisierte Übersetzung aus Gottschalk & Gleser (1969): Measurement of Psychological through the Content Analysis of Verbal behavior, S. 12-38. Inhalt: Die Quantifizierung von Affekten, Die Messung von Angst durch die Inhaltsanalyse von Sprachmaterialien. Die Messung von Aggressivität durch ide Inhaltsanalyse von Sprachmaterialien. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Cleghorn, J. M.; Stone, W. N. & Winget, C. N. (1970). Predictions of change in severity of the schiziphrenic syndrome with discontinuation and administration pf phenothiazines in chronic schizophrenic patients: Language as a predictor and measure of change in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 11, 123-140. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Cleghorn, John M.; Stone, Walter N. & Winget, Carolyn N. (1979). Predictions of change in severity of the schiziphrenic syndrome with discontinuation and administration pf phenothiazines in chronic schizophrenic patients: Language as a predictor and measure of change in schizophrenia. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 349-366). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; D'Zmura & Hanenson, I. B. (1964). Some psychophysiological relationships in hypertensibe women. The effect of Hydrochlorothiazide on the relations of affect to blood pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 26, 610-617. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Daniels, R. & Block, S. L. (1958). The speech patterns of schizophrenic patients: A mehtod of assessing relative degree of personal disorganization and social alienation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 127, 153-166. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Hambigde, G. Jr. (1957). Verbal analysis. Some content and form variables in speech relevant to personality adjustment. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 77, 300- 311. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Magliocco, E. B. & D'Zmura, T. L. (1961). Further studies on the speech patterns of schizophrenic patients. Measuring inter-individual differences in relative degree of personal disorganisation and social alienation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 132, 101-113. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Springer, K. J. (1963). Three hostility scales applicable to verbal samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 254-279. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Springer, K. J.; Kaplan, S. M.; Shnaon, J. & Ross, W. D. (1960). Effects of perphenazine on verbal behavior patterns: A contribution to the problem of measuring the psychological effects of psychoactive drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2, 632-639. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Stone, W. N. & Kunkel, R. L. (1968). Studies of psychoactive drug effects on non-psychiatric patients. Measurement of affective and cognitive changes by content analysis of speech. In W. Evans & N. Kline (Ed.), Psychpharmacology of the Normal Humans (S. 62-168). Illionis: Charles C. Thomas. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Gleser, Goldine C.; Wylie, H. W. jr. & Kaplan, S. M. (1965). Effects of impramine on anxiety and hostility levels. Psychpharmacologia, 7, 303-310. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Haer, John L. & Bates, Daniel E. (1972). Effects of sensory overload on psychological state. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 451-457. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Haer, John L. & Bates, Daniel E. (1973). Effects of sensory overload on psychological state. Mental Health Digest, 5, 29-31. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Haer, John L. & Bates, Daniel E. (1979). Effects of sensory overload on psychological state: Changes in Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization and Cognitive-Intellectual Impairment. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 703-712). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Hambidge, G. (1955). Verbal behavior analysis: a systematic approach to the problem of quantifying psychologic processes. Journal of Projective Technique, 19, 387-409. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Hambidge, G. Jr. (1956). Effect of interviewer on anxiety and hostility of interviewee. Unpublished Study. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Hanson, E. J.; Niemiller, J. & Gleser, G. C. (1964). Effect of personality or sex of inteviewer on sexual references, selfreferences and affect scores. Unpublished Study. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Hausmann, Catherine & Brown, John S. (1975). A computerized scoring system for use with content analysis scales. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16, 77-90. Reports on the development of a computerized scoring system for use in speech content analysis. The system is designed to focus on the meaning carried in clauses or sentences rather than in isolated words. The Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis Hostility scales were used to characterize the subset of English most often encountered in psychiatric interviews. 6 5-min speech samples were scored by humans and the scores compared to those produced by the computerized system. A Spearman rank difference correlation of .80 is reported for the comparison. It is noted that computer analysis of speech content saves time, increases the uniformity of the analysis, and facilitates the determination of relationships between psychological states and biological variables. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Hausmann, Catherine & Brown, John S. (1979). A computerized scoring system for use with content analysis scales. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 237-250). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Hoigaard, Julia C. (1986). A depression scale applicable to verbal samples. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Ed.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 105-122). Heidelberg: Springer. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Hoigaard, Julia C. (1986). Emotional Impact of Mastectomy. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Ed.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 171-188). Berlin: Springer. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Hoigaard, Julia C.; Birch, H. & Rickels, K. (1976). The measurement of psychological states: relationships between Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scores and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores. Physician Questionnaire Rating Scale scores and Hopkins Symptom Checklist scores. In Louis A. Gottschalk & S. Merlis (Ed.), Pharmacokinetcs of psychoactive drugs: Blood levels and clinical response (S. 61-113). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Hoigaard, Julia C.; Birch, H. & Rickels, K. (1979). The measurement of psychological states: relationships between Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scores and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores. Physician Questionnaire Rating Scale scores and Hopkins Symptom Checklist scores. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 41-94). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Hoigaard-Martin, Julia (1986). A depression scale applicable to verbal samples. Psychiatry Research, 17, 213-227. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Hoigaard-Martin, Julia (1986). The emotional impact of mastectomy. Psychiatry Research, 17(2), 53-167. To learn about the effects of unilateral mastectomy, the emotional responses of four groups of women were compared 1-3 and 10-12 months after surgery: (1) mastectomy group (n = 125)--women who had a unilateral mastectomy for stage I or II breast cancer; (2) biopsy group (n = 65)--women who had a biopsy revealing benign breast disease; (3) cholecystectomy group (n = 75)--women who had a cholecystectomy; (4) healthy group (n = 84)-- women who had not had a major surgical intervention. Measures of emotions were: (1) the SCL-90 Analogue; (2) the Global Assessment Scale (GAS); and (3) the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scale. The mastectomy group had significantly higher mean Gottschalk-Gleser scores for total anxiety, death and mutilation anxiety, ambivalent hostility, total denial and anxiety denial, and hopefulness. Significant reductions were found in mean total anxiety, mutilation, and shame anxiety in the mastectomy group and in total, death, and mutilation anxiety in the cholecystectomy group between the two postsurgical assessments. The mastectomy group had a significantly higher mean anxiety and depression score than the healthy group on the SCL-90 at both time points. The mastectomy and cholecystectomy groups had lower emotional well-being scores on the GAS than the healthy group over both testing periods. The groups also differed in their amount of change on the GAS over time. All measures, especially the Gottschalk-Gleser scales, showed significantly more psychopathological emotional responses in the mastectomy group, somewhat less in the cholecystectomy group, and the least in the biopsy group. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Hoigaard-Martin, Julia C.; Eckardt, M. J.; Gilbert, R. & Wolf, R. (1983). Cognitive impairment and other psychological scores derived from the content analysis of speech in detoxified male chronic alcoholics. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 9, 447-460. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Kaplan, S. M. (1958). A quantitative method of estimating variations in intensitiy of a psychological conflict or state. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 79, 688-696. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Kaplan, Stanley M. (1972). Chlordiazepoxie plasma levels and clinical response. Comprenhensive Psychiatry, 13, 519-527. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Kaplan, Stanley M. (1979). Chlordiazepoxie plasma levels and clinical response. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 415-424). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Kaplan, Stanley M.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Winget, C. N. (1962). Variations in magnitude of emotion: A method applied to anxiety and hostility during phases of menstruation cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 300-311. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Kapp, F. T.; Ross, W. D.; Kaplan, S. M.; Silver, H.; MacLeod, J.; Kahn, J. B.; Van Maanen, E. F. & Acheson, G. H. (1956). Explorations in testing drugs affecting physical and mental activity. Studies with an new drug of potential value in psychiatric illness. Journal of the American Medical Association, 161, 1054-1058. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Keatinge, C. (1993). Influence of patient caregivers on course of patient illness."Expressed emotion" and alternative measures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 898-912. The influence of the quality of care that patients receive during the course of their illness has been the subject of special scrutiny in the area of mental health. The concept of "expressed emotion" (EE) evolved in an effort to understand the impact of family and social environment on the vulnerability to relapse of schizophrenic patients. A semistructured interview, the Camberwell Family Interview, was developed to assess expressed emotion. This article examines the historical context, generalizability, methodological strengths and limitations of the construct of EE and the Camberwell Family Interview, as well as the nature and effects of treatment intervention programs designed to neutralize adverse effects of patient caretaker attitudes. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Kunkel, Robert (1966). Changes in emotional and intellectual fuctioning ater total body radiation. The Metabolic changes in Humas following totla Body Irradiation. In E. L. Saenger; B. J. Friedman, J. G. Keriakes & H. Perry (Ed.), Report to Defense Atomic Support Agency covering February, 1960 trough April, 1966 on Research Grant DA-49-146-XZ-315 prepared by the University of Cincinnati Collge of Medicine, Cincinnati General Hospital (S. 120-135). Cincinatti, Ohio: Gottschalk, Louis A.; Kunkel, Robert L.; Wohl, T. H.; Saenger, E. L. & Winget, Carolyn N. (1969). Total and half body irradiation: Effect on cognitive and emotional processes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21, 574-580. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Kunkel, Robert L.; Wohl, T. H.; Saenger, E. L. & Winget, Carolyn N. (1979). Total and half body irradiation: Effect on cognitive and emotional processes. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 677-684). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Lolas, Fernando F. (1987). Estudios sobre analisis del comportamiento verbal. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Lolas, Fernando F. (1989). The Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method of measuring the magnitude of psychological dimensions: Its application in transcultural research. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 26 (2), 83-111. Reviews evidence related to the hypothesis that there are adequate bridges via the content analysis of language to allow for researchers to understand and measure transculturally what humans are thinking and feeling. Discussion focuses on the Gottschalk-Gleser method of content analysis (e.g., L. A. Gottschalk, 1979). Studies of noncultural influences on the content of verbal behavior and racial and cultural influences on verbal content are reviewed. The overall picture that emerges is that basic categories of affect expression assessed through content analysis may have transcultural stability. The characteristic of emotional meaning may constitute a biopsychosocial dimension worth exploring in comparative studies. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Lolas, Fernando F. (1992). The measurement of quality of life trough the content analysis of verbal behavior. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 58, 69-78. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Lolas, Fernando & Viney, Linda L. (Hg.) (1986). Content analysis of verbal behavior. Significance in clinical medicine and psychiatry. Berlin: Springer. This is the first complete book to describe and illustrate the scientific usefullness of a method for measuring many significant psychological (anxiety, hostility, depression) and biological (cognitive impairment) dimensions from the content analysis of speech. The method has undergone intensive construct validation studies and has demonstrated cross-ethnic, cross-racial, and cross-language validity. The method provides objective assessments by combining the best features of selfreport measures and rating scales by outside observers. Editotial summaries and reviews of each chapter are included. Readers will discover a reliable and valid approach to clinical measurement problems that is applicable to many disciplines within the biomedical and psychosocial sciences. (Vom Bucheinband) Gottschalk, Louis A.; Lolas, Fernando & Viney, Linda L. (1986). Content Analysis: Overview of a Measurement Method. In Louis A. Gottschalk, Fernando Lolas & Linda L. Viney (Ed.), Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry (S. 3-10). Berlin: Springer. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Mayerson, P. & Gottlieb, A. (1967). The predicition and evaluation of outcome in an emergency breif psychotherapy clinic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 144, 77-96. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Noble, Ernest P.; Stolzoff, Gordon E.; Bates, Daniel E.; Cable, Claire; Uliana, Regina L.; Birch, Herman & Fleming, Eugene W. (1972). Relationships of chlordiazepoxide blood levels to psychological and biochemical responses. In S. Garrantini & A. Leonardi (Ed.), Proceedings of an International Symposium on Benzodiazepines (S. 257-280). New York: Raven Press. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Noble, Ernest P.; Stolzoff, Gordon E.; Bates, Daniel E.; Cable, Claire; Uliana, Regina L.; Birch, Herman & Fleming, Eugene W. (1979). Relationships of chlordiazepoxide blood levels to psychologicak and biochemical responses. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 425-448). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Rey, Frank (1990). Emotional effects of physical or mental injury on Hispanic people living in the U.S.A. as adjudged from the content of their speech. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46 (6), 915-922. Compared 20 Hispanic patients (aged 19-60 yrs) who sustained a work-related physical injury or emotional stress and 20 Hispanic matched control Ss who had not experienced such a recent injurious event with regard to their anxiety and hostility scores derived from the content analysis of 5-min speech samples, using the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales. The patient group had significantly elevated total anxiety scores compared with the control group. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Selin, Carole (1991). Comparative neurobiological and neuropsychological deficits in adolescent and adult schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 55 (1), 32-41. 24 adolescents and young adults were classified according to 4 measures using Research Diagnostic Criteria on the dimension of the severity of their schizophrenic (SZ) syndrome. Independent assessments by the Gottschalk-Gleser Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization Scale and the Abrams-Taylor Emotional Blunting Scale corroborated that the definite SZ group (n = 7) was significantly more SZ than the not SZ group (n = 12) but not more so than the probably SZ group (n = 5). The Halstead-Reitan Category Test and Rhythm Test significantly differentiated the definite SZ group from the not SZ group with respect to cognitive impairment. There was a significantly higher percent of EEG abnormalities among the definite and probably SZ groups than the not SZ group. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Springer, K. J. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1961). Experiments with a method of assessing the variations in intensity of certain psychological states occuring during two psychptherapeutic interviews. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), Comparative Psycholinguistic Analysis of Two Psychotherapeutic Interviews (S. 115-138). New York: International Universities Press. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Stein, Marsha K. & Shapiro, Deane H. (1997). The Application of Computerized Content Analysis of Speech to the Diagnostic Process in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, No. 5, 427-441. The authors collected speech samples from 25 psychiatric outpatients. Computer-assisted Gottschalk- Gleser content analysis was used to assess these speech samples. The outpatients' Gottschalk-Gleser scores were strongly correlated with their scores on various MMPI-2 scales. The authors conclude that computer- assisted Gottschalk-Gleser analysis can prove useful in psychiatric screening and diagnosis. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Stone, Walter N. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1974). Peripheral versus central mechanisms accounting for anti-anxiety effect of propranolol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36, 47-56. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Stone, Walter N. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1979). Peripheral versus central mechanisms accounting for anti-anxiety effect of propranolol. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 405-414). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Stone, Walter N.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Iacono, J. M. (1966). Anxiety levels in dreams: relation to changes in plasma free fatty acids. Science, 153, 654-657. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Stone, Walter N.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Iacono, J. M. (1969). Anxiety and Plasma Free Fatty Acids. Life Science, 8, 61-68. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Stone, Walter N.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Iacono, J. M. (1979). Anxiety and Plasma Free Fatty Acids (FFA). In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 565-573). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Swanson, J. M.; Hoigaard-Martin, J.; Gilbert, R. & Fiore, C. (1984). Hyperactive children: A study ot the content analysis of their speech. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 41, 125-135. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1976). A study of the relationsship of non verbal to verbal behavior: Effect of lip caressing on hope and oral references as expressed in the content of speech. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 17, 135-152. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1977). Further studies on the relationship of nonverbal behavior: effect of lip-caressing on shame, hostility, and other variables as expressed in the content of speech. In N. Freedmann & S. Grand (Ed.), Communicative Structures and Psychic Structures: a Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Communication (S. 311- 330). New York: Plenum Press. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1979). A study of the relationsship of non verbal to verbal behavior: Effect of lip caressing on hope and oral references as expressed in the content of speech. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 773-792). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1979). Further studies on the relationship of nonverbal behavior: effect of lip-caressing on shame, hostility, and other variables as expressed in the content of speech. In Louis A. Gottschalk (Ed.), The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior. Further Studies (S. 793-812). New York: Spectrum. Gottschalk, Louis A. & Uliana, Regina L. (1979). Profiles of children's psychological states derived from the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis of Speech. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8, 269-282. Comparison of 17 different scores, obtained with the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales, with norms for 100 White and 288 Black children, has been made possible by the development of 2 types of profile forms. The scores derived by this method are transformed by plotting them, on a grid, to standard scores. Form 1 provides a nonlinear transformation that corrects for skewness of the score distribution. Form 2 provides a linear transformation that does not correct for skewness. These forms can be used to examine patterns and trends pictorially in psychological state or trait scores derived from speech by this method. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Uliana, Regina L. & Gilbert R. (1988). Presidential candidates and cognitive impairment measured from behavior in campaign debattes. Public Administration Review, 48, 613-619. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Uliana, Regina L. & Hoigaard, J. C. (1979). Preliminary validation of a set of content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples for measuring the magnitude of psychological states in children.. Psychiatry Research, 1(1), 71-82. Scores on 17 psychological dimensions of the Gottschalk- Gleser content analysis scales were obtained from 5-minute speech samples of 37 white children hospitalized on the psychiatric service of a general hospital. These content analysis scores were compared to identical scores obtained from a normative sample of 109 white children. Groups of children were classified by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) system as having Healthy Responses (N = 2), Personality Disorders (N = 17), Reactive Disorders (N = 9), Psychoneurotic Disorders (N = 7), and Developmental Deviations (N = 2), and by DSM-III as having Parent-Child Problems (N = 2), Conduct Disorders (N = 26), Anxiety Disorders (N = 7), and Special Developmental Disorders (N = 2). By either classification, these groups of children showed salient differences in their scores in certain psychological dimensions from the same types of scores occurring with the normative group. These findings provide initial construct validation of the Gottshalk-Gleser content analysis scales when applied to speech samples obtained for children. Moreover, the profiles of children's psychological characteristics obtained by this method provide, in themselves, an objective descriptive and dynamic classification. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Winget, Carolyn N. & Gleser, Goldine C. (1969). Manual of instructions for using the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis Scales: Anxiety, hostility and social-alienation-personal disorganization. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Winget, C. N.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Lolas Fernando (1984). Analisis de la Conducta Verbal. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria. Gottschalk, Louis A.; Winget, C. N.; Gleser, Goldine C. & Springer, K. J. (1966). The measurement of emotional changes during a psychiatric interview: A working model toward quantifying the psychoanalytic concept of affect. In L. A. Gottschalk & A. H. Auerbach (Ed.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (S. 93-126). New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts. Grabhorn, Ralph (1994). Affektives Erleben in einer stationären Gruppentherapie mit psychosomatischen Patienten. Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik, 30, 172-190. Die Arbeit versteht sich als Beitrag zur stationären Psychotherapie-Prozeßforschung und berichtet über den Verlauf und Ergebnisse einer fünfwöchigen analytisch orientierten stationären Gruppentherapie mit psychosomatischen Patienten (3 Männer, 3 Frauen). Unter Berücksichtigung der zentralen Bedeutung des Affekterlebens für die psychosmatische Krankheitsentstehung und deren Therapie werden im Therpieverlauf Veränderungen des affektiven und kognitiven Erlebens erfaßt und beschrieben. Als methodischer Zugang wird eine Methodenkombination gewählt mit Schwerpunkt auf dem psycholinguisitischen Verfahren der Sprachinhaltsanalyse nach Gottschalk und Gleser und dem Semantischen Differential. Dabei zeigen sich trotz der kurzen Therapiezeit mehrere interessante Ergebnisse wie z. B. eine Veränderung der kognitiven Komplexität in Bezug auf das affektive Erleben der Kranken oder die Dominanz der Trennungsangst in Zusammenhang mit Aggressivität und Schuldgefühlen. Grabhorn, Ralph; Overbeck, Gerd; Kernhof, Karin; Jordan, Jochen & Müller, Thomas (1994). Veränderung der Selbst-Objekt-Abgrenzung einer essgestörten Patientin im stationären Therapieverlauf. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 44 (8), 273-283. Es wird ueber den Verlauf einer dreimonatigen, stationaeren, psychoanalytisch orientierten Einzeltherapie einer essgestoerten Patientin berichtet. Unter Beruecksichtigung der zentralen Bedeutung der Selbst-Objekt- Beziehung essgestoerter Frauen werden Veraenderungen im Therapieverlauf beschrieben. Neben der klinischen Perspektive wurde als methodischer Zugang eine Methodenkombination mit den Schwerpunkten der Sprachinhaltsanalyse nach Gottschalk-Gleser, der Methode des zentralen Beziehungskonfliktthemas nach Luborsky und des projektiven Verfahrens der "Object Relations Technique" nach Phillipson gewaehlt. Im Behandlungsverlauf zeigten sich Veraenderungen im Hinblick auf eine Verringerung der Schamangst und der nach innen gerichteten Aggressivitaet sowie eine Objektannaeherung und ein positiv veraenderter Umgang mit sich selbst; dies wird insgesamt im Sinne einer zunehmenden Selbst-Objekt-Abgrenzung gewertet. Grantham, C. E.; Pearl, M. H.; Manderscheid, R. W. & Silbergeld, S. (1981). The Psychological Stress Evaluator